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Whether ruining a commute or devastating entire homes and countries, inclement weather has the power to capture attention and headlines in a way few other topics can. While storms can be sudden or unexpected, the atmospheric conditions that produce them, as well as other kinds of weather are in place and churning well before the full range of their effects can be felt. This book examines the science that gives us a greater understanding of the patterns that produce hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones, and a host of related conditions. It also discusses another persistent issue of inclement weather, which is how to better predict climactic extremes.

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• Introduction(p. 12)
• Chapter 1 The Role of the Atmosphere(p. 21)
• Earth's Atmosphere(p. 21)
• The Energy Budget of Earth's Atmosphere(p. 23)
• Radiation(p. 24)
• Conduction and Convection(p. 27)
• The Water Budget(p. 29)
• The Nitrogen Budget(p. 30)
• The Sulfur Budget(p. 32)
• The Carbon Budget(p. 34)
• The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere(p. 35)
• The Troposphere(p. 38)
• The Planetary Boundary Layer(p. 38)
• Cloud Formation Within the Troposphere(p. 41)
• Vagn Walfrid Ekman(p. 44)
• The Stratosphere and Mesosphere(p. 46)
• The Thermosphere(p. 47)
• The Magnetosphere and Exosphere(p. 48)
• The Horizontal Structure of the Atmosphere(p. 49)
• The Distribution of Heat from the Sun(p. 49)
• Convection, Circulation, and Deflection of Air(p. 50)
• Polar Fronts and the Jet Stream(p. 53)
• Rossby Waves(p. 56)
• The Effects of the Continents on Air Movement(p. 56)
• The Effects of the Oceans on Air Movement(p. 58)
• Mountain Barriers(p. 59)
• Cloud Formation and Processes(p. 60)
• Condensation(p. 60)
• Precipitation(p. 62)
• The Precipitation of Ice(p. 64)
• Lightning and Optical Phenomena(p. 67)
• Cloud Research(p. 67)
• Chapter 2 Winds and Windstorms(p. 69)
• Wind(p. 69)
• The Beaufort Scale(p. 71)
• Wind-Generated Turbulence(p. 72)
• The Nature of Storms(p. 73)
• Wind Shear(p. 74)
• Cyclones(p. 74)
• Extratropical Cyclones(p. 76)
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)(p. 77)
• Windstorms(p. 78)
• Monsoons(p. 81)
• The Indian Monsoon(p. 82)
• Monsoon Onset and Early Developments(p. 84)
• The Peak Period(p. 85)
• Monsoon Withdrawal(p. 88)
• The North American Monsoon(p. 90)
• The Malaysian-Australian Monsoon(p. 91)
• General Features(p. 92)
• Monsoonal Development(p. 92)
• The West African Monsoon(p. 95)
• General Features(p. 95)
• The Differences from Other Monsoon Systems(p. 96)
• Other Significant Winds(p. 98)
• Anabatic Winds(p. 99)
• Boras(p. 99)
• Cyclostrophic Winds(p. 99)
• Etesian Wind(p. 100)
• Foehns(p. 101)
• Gradient Winds(p. 101)
• Gregales(p. 102)
• Haboobs(p. 103)
• Harmattan(p. 103)
• Katabatic Winds(p. 104)
• Khamsin(p. 104)
• Lee Waves(p. 105)
• Levanter(p. 106)
• Mistral(p. 106)
• Polar Anticyclone(p. 107)
• Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(p. 107)
• Shamal(p. 108)
• Siberian Anticyclone(p. 108)
• Simoom(p. 109)
• Sirocco(p. 109)
• Trade Winds(p. 109)
• Waterspouts(p. 110)
• Whirlwinds(p. 115)
• General Features(p. 115)
• Dust Devils(p. 116)
• Chapter 3 Thunderstorms(p. 119)
• Thunderstorm Formation and Structure(p. 120)
• Types of Thunderstorms(p. 122)
• Isolated Thunderstorms(p. 123)
• Multiple-Cell Thunderstorms and Mesoscale Convective Systems(p. 124)
• Supercell Storms(p. 125)
• The Physical Characteristics of Thunderstorms(p. 126)
• Updrafts and Downdrafts(p. 126)
• Downbursts(p. 127)
• Microburst(p. 127)
• Vertical Extent(p. 128)
• Turbulence(p. 129)
• The Movement of Thunderstorms(p. 129)
• Energy(p. 130)
• The Weather Under Thunderstorms(p. 130)
• Downdrafts and Gust Fronts(p. 131)
• Rainfall(p. 132)
• Thunderstorm Electrification(p. 132)
• Lightning Occurrence(p. 133)
• Lightning Distribution in the United States(p. 135)
• Global Lightning Distribution(p. 135)
• Cloud-to-Ground Lightning(p. 137)
• Initial Stroke(p. 137)
• Return Stroke(p. 138)
• Subsequent Return Strokes(p. 139)
• The Dissipation of Energy(p. 140)
• Thunder(p. 140)
• Triggered Lightning(p. 141)
• Cloud-to-Cloud and Intracloud Lightning(p. 142)
• Lightning Damage(p. 144)
• Lightning Protection(p. 146)
• Chapter 4 Tornadoes(p. 149)
• The Physical Characteristics of Tornadoes(p. 149)
• Airflow Regions(p. 150)
• Wind Speeds and Air Pressures(p. 151)
• Funnel Clouds(p. 153)
• Duration(p. 155)
• The Speed and Direction of Movement(p. 155)
• Tornado Cyclones, Tornado Families, and Long-Track Tornadoes(p. 156)
• Tornado Formation(p. 158)
• The Dynamic Pipe(p. 159)
• The Tornado Core and the Condensation Funnel(p. 161)
• The Location in the Parent Storm(p. 162)
• Tornado Intensity(p. 163)
• Weak (EFO and EF1) Tornadoes(p. 165)
• Strong (EF2 and EF3) Tornadoes(p. 165)
• Violent (EF4 and EF5) Tornadoes(p. 166)
• Tornado Occurrence and Distribution(p. 167)
• The Occurrence of Tornadoes Around the Globe(p. 167)
• Tornado Occurrence in the United States(p. 169)
• The Geographic Distribution of Tornadoes(p. 170)
• Seasonal Patterns(p. 170)
• Diurnal Patterns(p. 172)
• Tornado Outbreaks(p. 172)
• The Prediction and Detection of Tornadoes(p. 173)
• Death and Damage(p. 177)
• Tornado Safety(p. 178)
• Devastating Tornadoes(p. 180)
• The Tri-State Tornado of 1925(p. 180)
• The Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak of 1965(p. 182)
• The Super Outbreak of 1974(p. 182)
• The Saturia-Manikganj Sadar Tornado of 1989(p. 183)
• Chapter 5 Tropical Storms and Tropical Cyclones(p. 184)
• Tropical Storms(p. 184)
• Tropical Cyclones(p. 187)
• The Anatomy of a Cyclone(p. 188)
• The Eye(p. 189)
• The Eyewall(p. 190)
• Rainbands(p. 191)
• The Life of a Cyclone(p. 192)
• Tropical Cyclone Formation(p. 193)
• Intensification(p. 194)
• Dissipation(p. 195)
• Tropical Cyclone Damage(p. 196)
• Horizontal Winds(p. 196)
• Association with Tornadoes(p. 197)
• Gusts, Downbursts, and Swirls(p. 198)
• The Storm Surge(p. 198)
• Rainfall(p. 200)
• The Ranking and Naming of Tropical Cyclones(p. 201)
• Intensity Scales(p. 201)
• Naming Systems(p. 202)
• The Location and Patterns of Tropical Cyclones(p. 203)
• Ocean Basins and Peak Seasons(p. 203)
• Favourable Wind Systems(p. 204)
• Tropical Cyclone Tracks(p. 205)
• Tracking and Forecasting(p. 206)
• The Use of Satellites and Aircraft(p. 206)
• Landfall Forecasts(p. 208)
• Long-Term Forecasts(p. 210)
• Climatic Variations and Tropical Cyclone Frequency(p. 210)
• Significant Cyclones(p. 212)
• The Kamikaze of 1274 and 1281(p. 212)
• The Great Hurricane of 1780(p. 213)
• The Bengal Cyclone of 1876(p. 214)
• The Haiphong Cyclone of 1881(p. 215)
• The Galveston Hurricane of 1900(p. 215)
• The Ise Bay Typhoon of 1959(p. 216)
• Hurricane Camille 1969(p. 217)
• The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Cyclone of 1970(p. 219)
• The Bangladesh Cyclone of 1991(p. 220)
• Hurricane Andrew 1992(p. 220)
• Hurricane Mitch 1998(p. 222)
• Hurricane Katrina 2005(p. 223)
• The Role of Earth's Violent Winds(p. 228)
• Appendix A The Average Composition of the Atmosphere(p. 229)
• Appendix B The Beaufort Scale of Wind (Nautical)(p. 230)
• Appendix C The Enhanced Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity(p. 233)
• Appendix D The Saffir-Simpson and Australian Cyclone Scales(p. 234)
• Appendix E Cyclonic Naming Systems(p. 236)
• Glossary(p. 240)
• Bibliography(p. 242)
• Index(p. 245)