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The burgeoning of Christianity throughout Europe saw an attendant transformation in the field of philosophy. The philosophers of the Middle Ages endeavored to reconcile two seemingly incompatible concepts: religion and reason. While both ultimately involve belief in something, their approaches differ radically. By drawing extensively from the work of their predecessors, like Plato and Aristotle, medieval philosophers were able to find logical bases for their theological beliefs, thus using rationality to better comprehend their faith. This fascinating volume looks at the individuals who pioneered these new schools of thought and their lasting effects on our understanding of the nature of reality.

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• Introduction(p. 8)
• Chapter 1 The Roots of Medieval Philosophy(p. 17)
• Historical Background(p. 18)
• Ancient Precursors of Medieval Philosophy(p. 23)
• Boethius(p. 23)
• Pseudo-Dionysius(p. 27)
• Chapter 2 The Early Medieval Period(p. 32)
• Overview of Early Medieval Philosophy(p. 32)
• John Scotus Erigena(p. 38)
• Berengar of Tours(p. 39)
• Saint Peter Damian(p. 41)
• Early Life and Career(p. 42)
• Assessment(p. 44)
• Saint Anselm of Canterbury(p. 45)
• Early life and Career(p. 45)
• The Ontological Argument(p. 47)
• Appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury(p. 48)
• The Satisfaction Theory of Redemption(p. 50)
• Roscelin(p. 51)
• William of Champeaux(p. 52)
• Peter Abelard(p. 53)
• Early Life(p. 54)
• Career as a Monk(p. 56)
• Final Years(p. 57)
• William of Saint-Thierry(p. 59)
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux(p. 62)
• Early Life and Career(p. 62)
• Founder and Abbot of Clairvaux(p. 63)
• Pillar of the Church(p. 64)
• Saint Hildegard(p. 66)
• Isaac of Stella(p. 67)
• Peter Lombard(p. 70)
• Thierry of Chartres(p. 71)
• William of Conches(p. 72)
• Gerard of Cremona(p. 73)
• John of Salisbury(p. 74)
• Godfrey of Saint-Victor(p. 75)
• Joachim of Fiore(p. 77)
• Hugh of Saint-Victor(p. 80)
• William of Auxerre(p. 82)
• Richard of Saint-Victor(p. 83)
• Chapter 3 Arabic and Jewish Thought(p. 85)
• Avicenna(p. 88)
• Life(p. 89)
• The "Oriental Philosophy"(p. 91)
• Distinction Between Essence and Existence and the Doctrine of Creation(p. 91)
• The Immortality of Individual Souls(p. 92)
• Philosophy, Religion, and Mysticism(p. 93)
• Avicenna's Influence(p. 94)
• Al-Ghazali(p. 95)
• Averroës(p. 97)
• Early Life(p. 99)
• Commentaries on Aristotle(p. 100)
• Averroës' Defense of Philosophy(p. 100)
• Contents and Significance of Works(p. 104)
• Ibn Gabirol(p. 109)
• Poetry(p. 112)
• Philosophy(p. 113)
• Moses Maimonides(p. 115)
• Life(p. 115)
• Works(p. 118)
• Significance(p. 121)
• Chapter 4 The Age of the Schoolmen(p. 122)
• The Nature of Scholastic Philosophy(p. 123)
• The Maturity of Scholasticism(p. 126)
• Alexander of Hales(p. 131)
• Robert Grosseteste(p. 132)
• William of Auvergne(p. 133)
• Saint Albertus Magnus(p. 135)
• Saint Bonaventure(p. 139)
• Henry of Ghent(p. 144)
• Roger Bacon(p. 145)
• Early Life(p. 146)
• University and Scientific Career(p. 147)
• Career as a Friar(p. 149)
• Saint Thomas Aquinas(p. 151)
• Early Years(p. 151)
• Studies in Paris(p. 152)
• Years at the Papal Curia and Return to Paris(p. 154)
• Last Years at Naples(p. 160)
• Assessment(p. 162)
• Siger of Brabant(p. 164)
• Giles of Rome(p. 165)
• Chapter 5 The Late Medieval Period(p. 167)
• Overview of Late Medieval Philosophy(p. 168)
• Meister Eckhart(p. 173)
• John Duns Scotus(p. 176)
• Early Life and Career(p. 177)
• Years at the University of Paris(p. 180)
• Final Period at Cologne(p. 183)
• William of Ockham(p. 185)
• Early Life(p. 186)
• Treatise to John XXII(p. 187)
• Excommunication(p. 190)
• Julian of Norwich(p. 190)
• Nicholas of Cusa(p. 192)
• Conclusion(p. 194)
• Glossary(p. 197)
• Bibliography(p. 199)
• Index(p. 201)