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Africa faces a crisis that threatens to undermine and, indeed in some countries, is already reversing the development gains of the post-independence years. Since 1990, life expectancy has fallen and mortality risen.The emergence of HIV/AIDS and the resurgence of old diseases - malaria and tuberculosis (TB) - in more virulent forms and in epidemic proportions is the main reason for this setback in health status. The statistics paint an alarming picture. In Africa, about 30 million people live with HIV - over 70% of the world's total. Of global HIV/AIDS deaths, at least 75% occur in Africa. At the African Summit on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious Diseases in Abuja, Nigeria in 2001, African leaders requested the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Secretariat, in collaboration with UN agencies, to monitor progress toward implementation of the Declarations made there. This book is the result of this collaborative assessment of the Abuja commitments and beyond. It evaluates progress on Declarations for the period 2001-2003, emphasizes best country practices, and highlights lessons learnt.