Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

Equity is a multi-faceted subject, an authentic crossroads of problems. The perspective of this study is, as a result, a mix of focuses, which includes: the philosophy of law, general legal theory, justice theory, the history of law, comparative law, legal dogma, etc. In this book, as in various earlier studies of the author, she uses the "three-dimensional" method, which facilitates a stratified focus in agreement with three levels: facts, norms, and values. The subject of equity has never been analysed as completely as in this work. It includes a dynamic study of the different types of equity throughout history and in the different legal systems; the concept, content, limits, functions and types of equity; the relationship between equity and related ideas, and equity in all the branches of the legal order.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Prologue(p. xv)
• Chapter 1 Introduction(p. 1)
• 1 The Three-Dimensional Method as the Focus of the Problem of Law in General and of Equity in Particular: Facts, Norms and Values(p. 1)
• 2 Domain and Plan of the Project. Equity as a Multi-Faceted Topic and the Maelstrom of Interrelated Concepts. A Horizontal and Vertical Reading of this Inquiry. The Necessity of an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Subject Matter(p. 3)
• Chapter 2 Equity and "Time". A Dynamic Study of the Different Types of Equity Throughout History(p. 11)
• 1 Factual Plane: The Greek "Epieikeia," as "Justice of a Specific Case," with a Singularizing or Individualizing Function(p. 12)
• 1.1 Etymology of the Term. Genre and Type(p. 13)
• 1.2 Principal Doctrinal Stances(p. 15)
• 1.2.1 Plato and Equity in the Negative Sense, as a Substitute for the Politically Just Man(p. 15)
• 1.2.2 Aristotle and Equity in the Positive Sense, as a Just Medium(p. 16)
• 1.2.3 Stoicism and its Rejection of "Epieikeia"(p. 22)
• 2 Normative Plane: The Roman "Aequitas"(p. 22)
• 2.1 Etymology of the Term, Which can be Traced back to the Sanskrit "Aika": "Aequitas" as "Egalitarian" or "Balanced" Justice(p. 22)
• 2.2 Evolution of the Concept of "Aequitas" in Different Stages of Historical Roman Law(p. 24)
• 2.2.1 The Ancient Time Period. Its Formalism and Lack of Equity(p. 24)
• 2.2.2 "Aequitas" as an Exception to Strict Law in Classical Roman Law(p. 25)
• 2.2.2.1 The Praetor's Edict. The Contrast between "Ius Civile," as "Ius Quiritium" and "Ius Strictum", and "Ius Gentium," through "Ius Honorarium" and "Ius Praetorium." "Ius Naturale"(p. 25)
• 2.2.2.2 "Iuris Prudents" and "Roman Jurisprudence". The Fights between Sabinians and Proculians(p. 28)
• 2.2.3 The Influence of Christianity on Post-classical Roman Law. Equity as "Humanitas", "Benignitas", "Pietas" and "Clementia"(p. 30)
• 2.3 Major Doctrinal Positions: The Teachings of Cicero(p. 32)
• 3 Values Plane(p. 34)
• 3.1 Christian and Canonical "Misericordia", as "Humanitarian Virtue" and "Benevolent" and "Moderating" Justice(p. 34)
• 3.1.1 General Considerations(p. 34)
• 3.1.2 Main Theories(p. 38)
• 3.1.2.1 Thomas Aquinas(p. 38)
• 3.1.2.2 The "Schism of the West" and the Invocation of Equity(p. 39)
• 3.2 Medieval Equity as a Type of Non-literal "Interpretation"(p. 40)
• 3.2.1 General Considerations(p. 40)
• 3.2.2 Main Theories: The Glossators and the Post-Glossators or Commentators(p. 41)
• 4 Later Development of the Idea of Equity(p. 42)
• 4.1 Martin Luther's Protestantism: Equity and Forgiveness for Sin(p. 42)
• 4.2 I. Kant's Idealism: Equity in the Foundation of the Metaphysics of Custom(p. 44)
• 4.3 Codification as a Phenomenon Running contrary to Equity(p. 45)
• Chapter 3 Equity in "Space". The Treatment of Equity in Different Legal Systems and Codes of Law(p. 47)
• 1 Factual Plane: Anglo-American Equity(p. 48)
• 1.1 Introduction(p. 48)
• 1.2 English Law(p. 49)
• 1.2.1 Differences between the Common Law System and the Continental European Civil Law System(p. 49)
• 1.2.2 Similarities between the Common Law System and Roman Law with regard to Equity(p. 56)
• 1.2.3 Different Phases of English Law in Relation to Equity(p. 58)
• 1.2.4 Systematic Treatment of Equity in England(p. 63)
• 1.2.4.1 The "XII Maxims of Equity"(p. 64)
• 1.2.4.2 Procedural Instruments Available to Equity(p. 66)
• 1.2.4.2.1 Injunctions(p. 66)
• 1.2.4.2.2 "Decree of Specific Performance"(p. 67)
• 1.2.4.3 Equitable Laws: Trusts(p. 67)
• 1.2.4.4 Major Historical Institutions Relating to Equity(p. 69)
• 1.2.4.5 Legal Standards(p. 69)
• 1.3 Equity in the United States of America(p. 70)
• 1.4 Equity in Scotland(p. 72)
• 2 Normative Plane: The Equity of Continental Europe under the Roman-Germanic Systems. A Study in Comparative Law(p. 73)
• 2.1 "Equidad" in the Historical Evolution of the Spanish Legal Order(p. 74)
• 2.2 "Equite" in France(p. 75)
• 2.3 "Billigkeit" in Germany(p. 76)
• 2.4 "Equita" in Italy(p. 76)
• 2.5 Equity in the Swiss Legal Order, as an Introduction to the Law of Equity in a more General Sense on the Continent. The Judge-Legislator(p. 77)
• 2.6 "Equidade" in Portugal(p. 78)
• 2.7 Influence of Continental Equity on Latin American Legal Codes(p. 78)
• 3 Values Plane: Equity in Other Legal Contexts(p. 79)
• 3.1 The "Midrash" in Judaism. Maimonides(p. 79)
• 3.2 Equity and Islamic Law(p. 82)
• 3.3 Equity in Soviet Law(p. 84)
• Chapter 4 Concept of Equity(p. 87)
• 1 Historical-Spatial Perspective: Equity "Here and Now"(p. 88)
• 2 Lexicographical Perspective(p. 88)
• 3 Logical-Scientific Perspective(p. 89)
• Chapter 5 Functions of Equity(p. 93)
• 1 Three-dimensional Distinction(p. 93)
• 1.1 Factual Plane(p. 94)
• 1.1.1 The Applying, Singularizing and Individualizing Function of Law, through Case Law(p. 94)
• 1.1.2 The Interpretive Function of Law(p. 95)
• 1.1.2.1 Interpretation as a Process that is Inseparable from the Application of Law(p. 95)
• 1.1.2.2 Types of Interpretation(p. 97)
• 1.1.2.2.1 Declarative Interpretation of Law and Equity(p. 98)
• 1.1.2.2.2 Corrective Interpretation of Law and Equity(p. 100)
• 1.1.3 The Integrating Function of Legal Gaps(p. 100)
• 1.1.3.1 The Robustness of Legal System and the Prohibition on "Non Liquet"(p. 100)
• 1.1.3.2 Different Types of Legal Gaps and Equity(p. 101)
• 1.1.3.2.1 Authentic or Proper Gaps(p. 102)
• 1.1.3.2.2 False or Improper Gaps(p. 104)
• 1.1.3.2.3 Are the Gaps Temporary or Permanent?(p. 107)
• 1.1.3.3 Various Procedures for Integrating Legal Gaps and Equity(p. 108)
• 1.1.3.3.1 Heterointegration(p. 108)
• 1.1.3.3.2 Self-Integration(p. 108)
• 1.1.3.3.3 Judicial Discretion(p. 108)
• 1.2 Normative Plane(p. 109)
• 1.2.1 The Moderating Function of Equity. Mitigating the Harsh Nature of Strict Law through the Softness, Kindness, Humanity, Mercy, Lessening, Pacifying, and Smoothing Effect of Equity(p. 109)
• 1.2.2 The Creative Function of Law(p. 110)
• 1.2.2.1 Is Equity a Formal, Subsidiary or Indirect Source? The Will of Equity as a Guideline, not as a Source of Law(p. 112)
• 1.2.2.2 Equity and Judicial Free Will(p. 116)
• 1.2.2.2.1 Distinction between Discretional Power and Arbitrary Power(p. 116)
• 1.2.2.2.2 Can a Judge Declare Himself to be a Conscientious Objector if He is Faced with an Unjust Law?(p. 118)
• 1.3 Values Plane: The Humanizing Function of Equity as a Virtue(p. 120)
• 2 The Architects of Equity according to their Different Functions(p. 121)
• 2.1 Factual Plane(p. 121)
• 2.1.1 The "Judge", concerning the Application-Interpretation and Integration of the Law(p. 122)
• 2.1.1.1 Equity or the Art of Judging(p. 122)
• 2.1.1.2 Model Judges: Hercules, Jupiter, and Hermes(p. 123)
• 2.1.2 The "Arbitrator". A General Picture of the Various Systems of Judicial Formulation of the Law and the Application of Equity(p. 125)
• 2.1.3 The "King": The Granting of Pardons(p. 125)
• 2.1.4 The "Praetor" in Rome and the "Chancellor" in English Law(p. 127)
• 2.2 Normative Plane: The "Legislator", Creating the Law(p. 127)
• 2.3 Values Plane: The "Individual", Internally Struggling with the Values of his Conscience. The Problem of a Conflict of Duties(p. 128)
• Chapter 6 Types of Equity(p. 131)
• 1 Due to Their Relation with the Law(p. 131)
• 1.1 "Infra", "Secundum" or "Propter Legem" Equity, or Interpretive Equity. Equity Authorized by Legislative Delegation(p. 131)
• 1.2 "Praeter" or "Extra Legem" Equity, Additional or Integrating(p. 132)
• 1.3 "Contra Legem" Equity, Repealing or Corrective(p. 133)
• 1.3.1 Historical Evolution of the Subject Matter(p. 133)
• 1.3.2 Arguments for and against Corrective Equity(p. 136)
• 1.3.2.1 Arguments for Corrective Equity(p. 136)
• 1.3.2.1.1 The Dogma of the "Rational Legislator"(p. 136)
• 1.3.2.1.2 The Existence of "Recourse to the Unconstitutionality" of a Law(p. 136)
• 1.3.2.1.3 An "All-Encompassing" Conception of the Legal Order, including "Individual" Norms(p. 137)
• 1.3.2.2 Arguments against Corrective Equity(p. 138)
• 1.3.3 Major Examples of Corrective Equity(p. 138)
• 1.3.3.1 Due to the "Inadequacy" of the Law-a Quantitative Issue(p. 138)
• 1.3.3.2 Due to a "Defect" in the Law-a Qualitative Issue(p. 138)
• 1.3.3.2.1 The Existence of a Law which Goes against a Higher Law: Unconstitutional Laws, "Contra Legem" Customs, and Illegal Sets of Rules(p. 139)
• 1.3.3.2.2 The Existence of a Law which Goes against Another Law that is in Effect at the Same Time, in the Case of an Irreconcilable Antinomy(p. 140)
• 1.3.3.2.3. The Vagueness or Ambiguity of the Law(p. 140)
• 1.3.3.2.4 The Existence of Improper Expressions of the Law(p. 141)
• 1.3.3.2.5 The Existence of a Law that is Obsolete or in Disuse-"Desuetude". The Difference that Exists between Disuse and the "Contra Legem" Custom(p. 141)
• 1.3.3.2.6 Laws that are Clearly Unjust and Contrary to Natural Law(p. 143)
• 2 The Distinction between "Constituent", "Constituted", and "Canonical" Equity(p. 143)
• 3 The Distinction between "Subjective" and "Objective" Equity-Natural or Ideal(p. 144)
• 4 "Interpretive", "Arbitrative"-Discretionary Law-and "Additional" Equity(p. 144)
• 5 "General" Equity and "Particular" Equity(p. 144)
• 6 Cerebral/Intellectual Equity(p. 146)
• Chapter 7 Equity's Content/Equity's Judgement(p. 147)
• Chapter 8 Equity's Limits(p. 151)
• Chapter 9 Relationship between Equity and Related Ideas(p. 153)
• 1 Factual Plane(p. 153)
• 1.1 Equity and Concepts Related to "Interpretation"(p. 153)
• 1.1.1 Equity and the "Spirit"-"Ratio"-of the Law, as opposed to the "Letter"-"Corpus"(p. 154)
• 1.1.2 Equity and "Voluntas Legislatoris", as opposed to "Voluntas Legis"(p. 155)
• 1.1.3 Equity, "Animus" and "Anima"(p. 157)
• 1.2 Equity and Concepts that Take Part in the "Application" of the Law(p. 157)
• 1.2.1 Equity and "Analogy"(p. 157)
• 1.2.2 Equity and "Good Faith"(p. 159)
• 1.2.3 Equity and the "Nature of Things"(p. 160)
• 1.3 Other Concepts from the Factual Plane Related to Equity(p. 165)
• 1.3.1 Equity and Situation-"Kairos"(p. 165)
• 1.3.2 Equity and the Spirit of the People-"Volkgeist"(p. 165)
• 1.3.3 Equity, Automatism, and Reflection(p. 166)
• 1.3.4 Equity, Space and Time(p. 167)
• 2 Normative Plane(p. 168)
• 2.1 Objective Aspect: Equity and the Sources of Law(p. 168)
• 2.1.1 Equity and Law(p. 170)
• 2.1.1.1 Equity and Positive Law(p. 171)
• 2.1.1.2 Equity and Natural Law(p. 171)
• 2.1.1.2.1 Equity as Natural Law through a Judge's Interpretation and Application(p. 172)
• 2.1.1.2.2 Is the Universal and Unchangeable Character of Natural Law Compatible with the Individual and Specific Nature of Equity?(p. 172)
• 2.1.2 Equity and Custom(p. 174)
• 2.1.2.1 General Considerations(p. 174)
• 2.1.2.2 Equity, Public Order, and Good Customs(p. 174)
• 2.1.3 Equity and General Principles of Law(p. 175)
• 2.1.3.1 The Conflict between the Concrete and the Abstract(p. 175)
• 2.1.3.2 Different Types of General Principles of Law(p. 176)
• 2.1.3.2.1 Naturalist Principles(p. 176)
• 2.1.3.2.2 Positivist Principles(p. 177)
• 2.1.4 Equity and "Standards", "Directives", "Erfahrungssatze", Maxims from Experience, Valve or Flexible Concepts, as Correction and Diligence. The Theory of Ronald Dworkin(p. 179)
• 2.1.5 Equity and "Private Autonomy"(p. 180)
• 2.2 Subjective Aspect(p. 181)
• 2.2.1 Equity and "Subjective Rights", as the Content of the Legal Relationship(p. 182)
• 2.2.2 Equity and "Human Rights"(p. 185)
• 2.2.3 Equity and the "Abuse of Rights" Theory, as the Limit in the Exercise of Subjective Rights(p. 189)
• 3 Values Plane(p. 192)
• 3.1 Equity and "Values"(p. 192)
• 3.1.1 Equity and "Justice". Some Types of Justice in relation to Equity(p. 192)
• 3.1.2 Equity and "Legal Security": Are the Two Ends of the Spectrum Reconcilable or Conflicting?(p. 194)
• 3.1.3 Equity, "Equality", and Difference(p. 196)
• 3.1.4 Equity and "Liberty"(p. 199)
• 3.2 Equity and Human "Virtue"(p. 200)
• 3.2.1 Equity and Prudence-"Gnome"(p. 201)
• 3.2.2 Equity, Mercy, and Compassion. Equity and Absolution, Forgiveness, and Pardon(p. 202)
• 3.2.3 Equity, Honesty, and Generosity(p. 202)
• 3.2.4 Equity and Other Virtues: Humanity, Wisdom, Charity, and Gentleness(p. 203)
• 3.3 Equity and "Feeling"(p. 203)
• 3.3.1 Equity and Love-"Agape"(p. 203)
• 3.3.2 Equity and Happiness(p. 204)
• 3.4 Equity and "Beliefs": Equity and "Religion"(p. 204)
• 3.5 Equity, "Intuition" and "Instinct"(p. 206)
• 3.5.1 Which Comes First, the Judicial Sentence or its Legal Argument?(p. 207)
• 3.5.2 Subjective and Objective Aspects of Judge's Equity(p. 210)
• Chapter 10 Equity in the Different Branches of the Legal Order(p. 211)
• 1 Equity in Civil Law(p. 211)
• 1.1 Equity in the Preliminary Heading (Titulo Preliminar) of the Spanish Civil Code of 1889, before the 1974 Reform(p. 211)
• 1.2 Equity after the May 31, 1974 Reform of the Preliminary Heading of the Spanish Civil Code(p. 212)
• 2 Equity in Administrative Law(p. 214)
• 2.1 Equity and Discretional Authority(p. 215)
• 2.2 Equity and Excess or Diversion of Power(p. 216)
• 3 Equity in Criminal Law(p. 217)
• 3.1 From the Lack of Typification to the "Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena sine Praevia Lege Poenale"(p. 218)
• 3.2 From the Retributive Aim of Legal Punishment to the Preventive Aim of Deterrents(p. 218)
• 3.3 The Humanization of Punishment: From Capital Punishment to Prison Sentences. The Elimination of Inhumane Punishments in Modern Criminal Law(p. 222)
• 3.4 The Individualization of Punishment(p. 224)
• 3.5 From Legal Analogy to Anthropological Analogy. From the Crime to the Criminal. Describing the Extenuating Circumstance by Analogy(p. 225)
• 3.6 Equity and State of Necessity. Justified Theft(p. 226)
• 3.7 Forgiveness-Pardon and Amnesty-and the Legal Mechanism for Granting a Pardon(p. 226)
• 3.8 "Benigna Interpretatio" (Mild Interpretive): The Principle of "In Dubio Pro Reo" and the Principle of "Odiosa Restringenda, Favorabilia Amplianda"(p. 228)
• 3.9 The Presumption of Innocence, the Limits of Preventive Detention, and Compensatory Means of Correcting Judicial Mistakes(p. 228)
• 3.10 The Principle of Non-retroactivity for Unfavorably Penalizing Legal Provisions or Legal Provisions that Unfairly Restrict Certain Rights(p. 229)
• 3.11 Compensation for Responsibility and Compensation for Crimes(p. 230)
• 4 Equity in the Philosophy of Law(p. 231)
• 4.1 Jurgen Habermas and Discourse Ethics(p. 232)
• 4.2 John Rawls and Justice as Equity(p. 235)
• 4.3 Ronald Dworkin and Taking Rights Seriously(p. 239)
• 4.4 Other Conceptions Regarding the Same Theme: Nozick, Posner, Sadurski, Marx, Young(p. 243)
• 5 Equity in Political and Constitutional Law(p. 249)
• 5.1 Equity and the Division of Powers Principle(p. 249)
• 5.2 Equity and the Principle of Legality(p. 250)
• 5.3 Equity and Civil Disobedience(p. 253)
• 6 Equity in Financial and Tax Law(p. 254)
• 6.1 Constitutional Principles in Tax Matters(p. 254)
• 6.1.1 Fundamental Principles(p. 255)
• 6.1.1.1 The Principle of Economic Capacity(p. 255)
• 6.1.1.2 The Principle of Equality(p. 255)
• 6.1.1.3 The Principle of Generality(p. 256)
• 6.1.1.4 The Principle of Progressive Taxation(p. 256)
• 6.1.1.5 The Principle of Non-Confiscation(p. 256)
• 6.1.2 Formal Principles: The Principle of the Legality of Taxation(p. 257)
• 6.2 Major Interpretive Theories Regarding Tax Regulations(p. 257)
• 7 Equity and Labour Law(p. 258)
• 8 Equity in International Law(p. 260)
• 8.1 Reference to Equity in Article 38.2 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice(p. 260)
• 8.2 International Arbitration(p. 263)
• 8.3 The Theory of Just War(p. 266)
• 9 Equity in Procedural Law(p. 268)
• 9.1 The Right to a Due Process of Law(p. 268)
• 9.2 Equity and the Right to an Appeal(p. 269)
• 9.3 The Problem of the Jurisdiction of Equity(p. 271)
• 10 Equity in Canon Law(p. 272)
• 10.1 The Regulation of Equity in the Codex Iuris Canonici(p. 274)
• 10.2 Equity and "Dispensation"(p. 275)
• 11 Equity in Commercial Law(p. 276)
• 11.1 The Principle of the "Known Truth"(p. 276)
• 11.2 The Principle of "Good Faith Retained"(p. 277)
• Bibliography(p. 279)
• Index(p. 331)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Maria Jose Falcon y Tella is Professor of Legal Philosophy (1991) and Director of the Institute of Human Rights (1998) at the Complutense University of Madrid.