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CRIME VICTIMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY is a innovative and comprehensive guide that offers balanced coverage on this controversial subject. A must-have for anyone interested in this field!

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• 1 What Is Victimology?(p. 1)
• The Plight of Crime Victims(p. 1)
• Studying Victimization Scientifically(p. 2)
• Why Objectivity is Necessary(p. 3)
• Victims or Offenders?(p. 4)
• Criminals as Victims(p. 5)
• Victims Versus "Good Guys"(p. 6)
• Victimology's Undeserved "Bad Reputation"(p. 8)
• Sources of Bias(p. 10)
• The Origins of Victimology(p. 12)
• Victimology Compared to Criminology(p. 13)
• Parallels Between Criminology and Victimology(p. 13)
• Differences and Boundaries(p. 15)
• The Interface with Other Disciplines(p. 16)
• Divisions within the Discipline(p. 17)
• Why Study Victimology?(p. 18)
• What Victimologists Do(p. 18)
• Step 1 Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem(p. 18)
• Step 2 Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem(p. 19)
• Step 3 Investigate How Victims Are Handled(p. 21)
• Step 4 Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses(p. 22)
• Chapter Summary(p. 22)
• Key Terms(p. 23)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 23)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 23)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 24)
• 2 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims(p. 25)
• The Discovery of Crime Victims(p. 25)
• The Decline of Crime Victims(p. 25)
• The Rediscovery of Crime Victims(p. 27)
• Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims' Cause(p. 27)
• Elected Officials: Enacting Legislation Named After Victims(p. 30)
• The News Media: Portraying the Victims' Plight(p. 31)
• Commercial Interests: Selling Products and Services to Victims(p. 33)
• Victimology Contributes to the Rediscovery Process(p. 33)
• Stage 1 Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem(p. 34)
• Stage 2 Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms(p. 35)
• Stage 3 Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes(p. 37)
• Stage 4 Research and Temporary Resolution of Disputes(p. 38)
• Rediscovering Additional Groups of Victims(p. 39)
• Chapter Summary(p. 40)
• Key Terms(p. 41)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 42)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 42)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 42)
• 3 Sources of Information about Crime Victims: The UCR and the NCVS(p. 43)
• Crime in the Streets: The Big Picture(p. 43)
• The Use and Abuse of Statistics(p. 44)
• Interpreting Statistics(p. 45)
• A Closer Look at the Two Official Sources of Victimization Data(p. 48)
• The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)(p. 49)
• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)(p. 51)
• Comparing the UCR and the NCVS(p. 54)
• Using Data to Bring the Big Picture into Focus(p. 55)
• Chapter Summary(p. 58)
• Key Terms(p. 58)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 59)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 59)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 59)
• 4 Violent Crimes: Murders and Robberies(p. 60)
• Focusing on Murders(p. 61)
• Using the UCR to Analyze Murders(p. 61)
• Searching for Crime Waves: Detecting Trends in Interpersonal Violence(p. 63)
• Making International Comparisons(p. 71)
• Assessing Comparative Risks: Putting Crime into Perspective(p. 74)
• Focusing on Robberies(p. 75)
• Robbers and Their Victims(p. 75)
• Using the NCVS to Analyze Robberies(p. 76)
• Differential Risks of Being Robbed(p. 79)
• Projecting Cumulative Risks(p. 80)
• The Search for Risk Factors(p. 83)
• The Determinants of Differential Risks: Routine Activities and Lifestyles(p. 84)
• Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough?(p. 86)
• Ambivalence about Risk Taking(p. 87)
• From Crime Prevention to Victimization Prevention(p. 88)
• Criminals as Victims(p. 89)
• Deterrence Theory as Applied to Victims(p. 92)
• Chapter Summary(p. 93)
• Key Terms(p. 93)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 94)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 94)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 94)
• 5 The Victims' Contribution to the Crime Problem(p. 95)
• The Question of Shared Responsibility(p. 96)
• The Controversy over Shared Responsibility(p. 97)
• Victim Facilitation, Precipitation, and Provocation(p. 100)
• The Frequency of Shared Responsibility in Violent Crimes(p. 103)
• Recognizing Complete Innocence and Full Responsibility(p. 104)
• Victim Blaming Versus Victim Defending(p. 105)
• Victim Facilitation and Auto Theft: Is It the Careless Who Wind Up Carless?(p. 107)
• Stealing Cars for Fun and Profit(p. 107)
• Which Motorists Should Be Most Concerned When Parking Their Cars?(p. 110)
• Victim Facilitation and Identity Theft: Which Precautions Are Reasonable?(p. 116)
• The Nature of the Problem(p. 116)
• Differential Risks of Becoming a Victim of Identity Theft(p. 118)
• Losses and Suffering(p. 119)
• Laws and Law Enforcement(p. 120)
• Blaming Victims for Ignoring Risk-Reduction Strategies(p. 121)
• Victim Defending: Facilitation Is Not the Heart of the Problem(p. 124)
• Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending(p. 124)
• The Legal Importance of Determining Responsibility(p. 126)
• Chapter Summary(p. 129)
• Key Terms(p. 129)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 130)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 130)
• Suggested Research Topics(p. 130)
• 6 Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict; Part One: The Police(p. 131)
• Victims Versus the Criminal Justice System(p. 132)
• What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? or Restitution?(p. 132)
• Victims and the Police(p. 135)
• Reporting Incidents(p. 136)
• Responding Quickly(p. 139)
• Handling Victims with Care(p. 140)
• Challenging the Victim's Version of Events(p. 141)
• Investigating Complaints and Solving Crimes(p. 144)
• Arresting Suspects and Seizing Evidence(p. 148)
• Recovering Stolen Property(p. 149)
• Measuring Progress toward a Victim-Oriented Police Department(p. 151)
• Chapter Summary(p. 152)
• Key Terms(p. 152)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 152)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 153)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 153)
• 7 Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict; Part Two: Prosecutors, Defense Attorneys Judges, and Corrections Officials(p. 154)
• Victims and Prosecutors(p. 155)
• Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State(p. 156)
• Protecting Victims Who Serve as Witnesses for the Prosecution(p. 157)
• Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases(p. 160)
• Negotiating Pleas(p. 161)
• Victims and Defense Attorneys(p. 163)
• Postponing Hearings(p. 163)
• Cross-Examining Witnesses during Trials(p. 164)
• Victims and Judges(p. 166)
• Granting Bail(p. 166)
• Sentencing Offenders(p. 166)
• Appealing to the Supreme Court(p. 169)
• Victims and Corrections Officials(p. 172)
• Keeping Track of Offenders and Receiving Reimbursement from Them(p. 172)
• Influencing Parole Board Decisions(p. 172)
• And Justice for All?(p. 174)
• Recognizing "Second-Class" Treatment(p. 174)
• Chapter Summary(p. 176)
• Key Terms(p. 177)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 177)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 177)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 178)
• 8 Children as Victims(p. 179)
• The Ongoing Debate Between Maximalists and Minimalists(p. 180)
• Missing Children(p. 180)
• The Absence of Data Heightens Fears about the Problem(p. 181)
• Estimates of the Incidence and Seriousness of the Problem(p. 184)
• Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished(p. 185)
• The Possibility of the Stockholm Syndrome(p. 188)
• Protecting Children(p. 189)
• Physically and Sexually Abused Children(p. 190)
• The Rediscovery of Child Abuse(p. 190)
• How Children Suffer(p. 191)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Child Abuse(p. 193)
• More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse(p. 196)
• Abused Children and Legal Proceedings(p. 202)
• Taking the Best Interests of the Child into Account(p. 203)
• The Credibility of Children as Witnesses(p. 204)
• Devising Child-Friendly Practices(p. 205)
• Proactive Versus Reactive Strategies(p. 207)
• Additional Forms of Exploitation and Mistreatment of Young People(p. 208)
• Sibling Abuse(p. 208)
• Abuse of Adolescents by Parents(p. 208)
• Statutory Rape of Minors(p. 209)
• Chapter Summary(p. 209)
• Key Terms(p. 210)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 210)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 210)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 211)
• 9 Victims of Violence by Lovers and Family Members(p. 212)
• Violence Between Intimates(p. 212)
• The Rediscovery of Wife Beating(p. 213)
• Blaming Her for His Violent Outbursts(p. 214)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Spouse Abuse(p. 216)
• Aiding Victims Who Feel Trapped(p. 220)
• Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: Violence Is Violence, or Is It?(p. 222)
• The Rediscovery of Battered Husbands(p. 226)
• Victim Provocation and Murder: When is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified?(p. 227)
• The Extent of Intimate Partner Homicides(p. 228)
• Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Man Did Not Deserve to Die(p. 230)
• Arguments Emphasizing That the Brutal Man Provoked the Lethal Response(p. 231)
• The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings(p. 233)
• Young Women Battered during Courtship(p. 234)
• Abuse of Parents by Adolescents(p. 235)
• Elder Abuse(p. 235)
• Battering within Same-Sex Relationships(p. 236)
• Preventing Battering(p. 237)
• Chapter Summary(p. 238)
• Key Terms(p. 239)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 239)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 239)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 240)
• 10 Victims of Rapes and Other Sexual Assaults(p. 241)
• The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims(p. 242)
• "Real Rapes" Compared with "Date Rapes"(p. 243)
• Victim Precipitation and Rape: Did She Somehow Single Herself Out for Trouble?(p. 245)
• Victim-Blaming Views(p. 246)
• Victim-Defending Perspectives(p. 248)
• The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted(p. 249)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape(p. 250)
• Differential Risks of Being Sexually Assaulted and Raped(p. 253)
• How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims(p. 255)
• The Controversy over Unfounded Accusations(p. 255)
• The Accuser versus the Accused(p. 262)
• Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals(p. 263)
• Rape Shield Laws(p. 264)
• Force and Resistance(p. 265)
• Corroboration(p. 266)
• Arrest, Prosecution, and Adjudication(p. 267)
• Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance(p. 268)
• The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims(p. 269)
• Wives Raped by their Husbands(p. 269)
• Sexually Assaulted Males(p. 270)
• Preventing Rape(p. 271)
• Chapter Summary(p. 273)
• Key Terms(p. 273)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 273)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 274)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 274)
• 11 Additional Groups of Victims with Special Problems(p. 275)
• Victims of Crimes Committed at School(p. 276)
• Threats Facing College Students(p. 276)
• Threats Facing Middle School and High School Students(p. 283)
• Victims of Workplace Violence(p. 285)
• Slaying at Work(p. 286)
• Individuals Menaced by Stalkers(p. 288)
• Stalking: A New Word for an Old Problem(p. 288)
• Cyberstalking: A New Word for a New Problem(p. 290)
• Law Enforcement Officers Injured and Killed in the Line of Duty(p. 291)
• Who, Where, When, and Why(p. 292)
• Showing Solidarity(p. 294)
• Targets of Hate Crimes(p. 295)
• Rediscovering a Very Old Problem(p. 295)
• Measuring the Scope of the Problem(p. 296)
• Criminal Justice System Reforms(p. 299)
• Casualties of Terrorism(p. 300)
• Monitoring the Scope of the Problem(p. 301)
• Assistance and Recovery(p. 303)
• Chapter Summary(p. 306)
• Key Terms(p. 306)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 306)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 306)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 307)
• 12 Repaying Victims(p. 308)
• The Costs of Crime(p. 308)
• Gaining Restitution from Offenders(p. 309)
• Back to Basics(p. 309)
• The Rise, Fall, and Rediscovery of Restitution(p. 310)
• Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies(p. 312)
• Opportunities to Make Restitution(p. 314)
• Obstacles Undermining Restitution(p. 316)
• Evaluating Restitution Programs(p. 317)
• Winning Judgments in Civil Court(p. 319)
• The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits(p. 319)
• The Litigation Process(p. 319)
• Possibilities and Pitfalls(p. 320)
• Collecting Damages from Third Parties(p. 322)
• Collecting Insurance Reimbursements(p. 326)
• Private Crime Insurance(p. 326)
• Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement(p. 326)
• Federal Crime Insurance(p. 327)
• Recovering Losses through Victim Compensation Programs(p. 328)
• The History of Victim Compensation by Governments(p. 328)
• The Debate over Compensation in the United States(p. 329)
• How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences(p. 331)
• Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs(p. 333)
• Confiscating Profits from Notorious Criminals(p. 335)
• Writing and Rewriting the Law(p. 336)
• Chapter Summary(p. 337)
• Key Terms(p. 338)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 338)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 338)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 339)
• 13 Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions(p. 340)
• Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights within the Criminal Justice System(p. 341)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders(p. 343)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of the System(p. 346)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of Either Offenders, the System, or Both(p. 346)
• Toward Retaliatory Justice(p. 352)
• Vigilantism's Frontier Origins(p. 352)
• Vigilantism versus Legitimate Use of Force in Self-Defense(p. 354)
• Would Victims Be Better Off if They Were Armed?(p. 355)
• The Dangers of a Drift Back toward Retaliatory Violence(p. 359)
• Toward Restorative Justice(p. 362)
• The Peacemaking Process(p. 363)
• A Brief History of Restorative Justice(p. 364)
• How Reconciliation Programs Work(p. 366)
• Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation(p. 369)
• Pros and Cons from the Victim's Point of View(p. 370)
• The Future of Restorative Justice(p. 371)
• Chapter Summary(p. 372)
• Key Terms(p. 373)
• Questions for Discussion and Debate(p. 373)
• Critical Thinking Questions(p. 373)
• Suggested Research Projects(p. 374)
• Glossary(p. 375)
• References(p. 385)
• Name Index(p. 431)
• Subject Index(p. 440)