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Specifically developed to meet the needs of students in LL.M. programs, this new paper-back text takes a skills-oriented approach To The 'what' and 'how' of legal research and writing. Legal Resoning, Research, and Writing for International Graduate Students provides valuable assistance for international students who need to understand and approach legal research and writing assignments the way attorneys do in the United States. Author Nadia Nedzel tailors the presentation To The needs of the LL.M. candidate: the book begins by comparing common and civil law. Then builds on that foundation to teach practical skills. A comparative law perspective explains unique and important features of United States law. Each chapter is short, clear, and repeats major points For The benefits of those who are not native English speakers. the book includes methodological information on the research and writing components of legal document preparation. Reasoning and writing elements of the text are based on standard IRAC analysis. the text integrates citation format information so instructors can address citation requirements as they become needed. an important discussion of plagiarism and U.S. law school honor codes informs students from other cultures of what will be expected of them. Exercises in each chapter (many of them Internet-based For The convenience of foreign attorneys accessing U.S. law from their countries of origin) allow students to refine their skills. Helpful charts and summaries can be used as reference tools. Appendix on preparing for and taking exams provides valuable guidance for students. to help instructors prepare for both the content And The context of the course, The Teacher's manual: Presents information about non-U.S. legal systems and legal education. Explains the textbook's approach to each subject. Includes answers to research exercises. Provides several possible writing assignments, giving instructors the option of choosing one or developing their own. Contains a sample of a finished writing assignment. Help your students prepare For The realities of U.S. legal practice with Legal Resoning, Research, and Writing for International Graduate Students .

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Preface(p. xxi)
• Acknowledgments(p. xxiii)
• Chapter 1 United States Common Law(p. 1)
• I. The Nature of U.S. Common Law, as Compared to Other Legal Systems(p. 2)
• A. U.S. Common Law Contrasted with Civilian Jurisdictions(p. 2)
• B. Background Norms of United States Law(p. 5)
• 1. United States Law as Compared to Islamic Law(p. 5)
• 2. United States Law as Compared to Asian Legal Traditions(p. 7)
• 3. United States Legal Philosophy as Compared to Marxist/Leninist Theories(p. 9)
• II. Comparative Development of Western Legal Systems(p. 11)
• A. The Civil Law Tradition(p. 11)
• B. The Anglo-American Development of Common Law(p. 12)
• 1. The Founding of Circuit Courts, Separation of Law and Religion, and Stare Decisis(p. 12)
• 2. The Role of Scholars(p. 14)
• 3. The Jury System(p. 14)
• 4. Common Law Civil Procedure: Writ Pleading, the Distinction between Law and Equity, and its Effect on the Jury System(p. 16)
• 5. Legal Education(p. 17)
• III. The Study of Law in the United States: The Case Method(p. 18)
• IV. Briefing Cases(p. 21)
• A. Components of a Case Brief(p. 22)
• Discussion Notes(p. 30)
• Exercise(p. 31)
• Supplementary Exercise(p. 37)
• Bibliography(p. 37)
• Chapter 2 Introduction to American Legal Research and the Federal System(p. 39)
• I. United States Legal Resources(p. 39)
• A. Types of Legal Resources(p. 39)
• B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Research Media(p. 40)
• II. Research Techniques and Interpretive Skills(p. 41)
• III. The First Research Skill: Locating a Given Legal Authority(p. 41)
• A. Primary Authority and Citation Forms(p. 43)
• 1. Constitutions(p. 43)
• 2. Statutes(p. 43)
• 3. Regulations(p. 46)
• 4. Case Law(p. 46)
• B. Secondary Sources(p. 52)
• IV. The First Interpretive Skill: Ranking or Weight of Authority(p. 54)
• A. Three-Tier Court System(p. 55)
• B. Mandatory versus Persuasive Authority(p. 56)
• C. Federalism, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, and the Preemption Doctrine(p. 56)
• D. Timeliness(p. 60)
• Discussion Notes(p. 60)
• Exercise(p. 61)
• Exercise Hints for Various Media(p. 63)
• Chapter 3 Legal Reasoning and Objective Legal Writing(p. 65)
• I. Deductive Reasoning and the Syllogism(p. 66)
• II. IRAC and CRAC Reasoning(p. 67)
• A. I: Identification of an Issue(p. 69)
• B. R: Analysis of a Legal Rule(p. 70)
• 1. Types of Legal Rules(p. 70)
• 2. Difficulties in Stating Common Law Rules(p. 72)
• 3. Incorporating Case Law into the Rule Analysis(p. 74)
• 4. Incorporating Policy Concerns(p. 74)
• 5. Considering Relative Weight of Authority(p. 75)
• C. A and C: Application and Conclusion(p. 76)
• III. Example of IRAC Analysis: The Gun-in-the-Boot Problem(p. 76)
• A. Facts and Basic Rule Analysis(p. 77)
• B. Case Law(p. 77)
• C. Issue Identification(p. 78)
• D. Example of a Case Law Chart(p. 79)
• E. Factual Comparisons to the Harris Problem(p. 80)
• F. Policy Analysis(p. 80)
• G. Summary(p. 80)
• IV. The Interoffice Memo(p. 81)
• A. The Assignment: Interviewing the Employer(p. 82)
• B. Interoffice Memo Form(p. 83)
• C. Discussion Section(p. 85)
• 1. Two-Issue Discussion Sections(p. 85)
• 2. Concluding Sentence(p. 87)
• D. Other Information about the Interoffice Memo(p. 87)
• 1. Tone and Style(p. 87)
• 2. Citations(p. 88)
• 3. Revising(p. 88)
• 4. Plagiarism(p. 89)
• V. Sample Interoffice Memo(p. 91)
• VI. The Open Research Memo(p. 93)
• A. Definition of an Open Research Memo(p. 93)
• B. Similarities and Differences between Closed and Open Memos(p. 93)
• C. Checklist: Researching and Writing the Open Memo(p. 94)
• Discussion Notes(p. 94)
• Exercise(p. 97)
• Chapter 4 The Research Process(p. 99)
• I. Ethical and Practical Demands(p. 100)
• II. The Research Process(p. 101)
• III. Research Advice(p. 101)
• A. Media Choices(p. 101)
• 1. Comparison of Fee-Based Computer Databases(p. 103)
• 2. Noncommercial Computer Databases(p. 105)
• 3. CD-ROM and Microforms(p. 105)
• B. Finding Tools(p. 106)
• C. Keeping on Track(p. 107)
• D. Preserving Research Results(p. 107)
• E. Reading for Research(p. 108)
• F. Planning Project Time(p. 108)
• G. Determining when Research Is Complete(p. 108)
• IV. Stage 1: Background Research and Preparation(p. 109)
• A. Facts: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How(p. 110)
• B. Jurisdiction, Area of Law, and Issue or Search Terms(p. 111)
• C. Choice Research Media(p. 111)
• D. Initial Research Plan(p. 112)
• E. Secondary Sources(p. 112)
• 1. Get an Overview of Area of Law and Underlying Policy Considerations(p. 112)
• 2. Identify Probable Source or Sources of Law(p. 112)
• 3. Revise List of Search Terms or Issue Statement(p. 112)
• 4. Locate Applicable Legal Principles(p. 113)
• 5. Scavenge Secondary Sources for Citations to Mandatory Authority(p. 113)
• F. Issue Statement Refinement(p. 113)
• G. Research Plan Refinement(p. 113)
• H. Sample Research Log(p. 113)
• V. The Purpose and Importance of Secondary Research(p. 119)
• A. Secondary Sources: Hard Copy or Online?(p. 120)
• B. Types of Secondary Sources(p. 120)
• 1. Restatements(p. 121)
• 2. Treatises and Hornbooks(p. 124)
• 3. Legal Periodicals(p. 126)
• 4. American Law Reports(p. 128)
• 5. Legal Encyclopedias(p. 129)
• 6. Digests(p. 129)
• Discussion Notes(p. 130)
• Exercise(p. 130)
• Chapter 5 Researching and Updating Case Law(p. 133)
• I. Finding and Verifying Case Law(p. 133)
• A. Scavenging from Secondary Sources(p. 134)
• B. Using Citators to Verify, Update, and Broaden Research(p. 134)
• 1. Scavenging Cases from Citations Given in a Case(p. 135)
• 2. Citators(p. 135)
• 3. Using Citators to Verify Case law(p. 136)
• 4. Using Citators to Locate Case Law and Secondary Authority(p. 137)
• 5. The Importance of Citators(p. 138)
• C. Locating Case Law Using Subject Indexes(p. 138)
• D. Term and Full-Sentence Searches on Internet Databases(p. 139)
• 1. Choosing the Appropriate Database(p. 139)
• 2. Choosing between Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches(p. 140)
• 3. Avoid Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches Until You Have Used Other Methods(p. 140)
• 4. Tailoring Boolean Searches for Accuracy(p. 141)
• II. Citing Cases(p. 141)
• A. The Case Name(p. 142)
• 1. Short-Form Case Names(p. 142)
• B. Reporter Information, Volume and Page Numbers(p. 143)
• 1. Parallel Citations(p. 143)
• 2. Pinpoint Citations(p. 144)
• C. Court and Year(p. 144)
• D. Subsequent History(p. 145)
• E. Short Citation Forms(p. 145)
• Exercises: Finding and Citing Case Law(p. 146)
• Chapter 6 Researching and Interpreting Constitutions, Statutes, and International Law(p. 149)
• I. Statute, Regulation, or Case Law: Which Is It?(p. 149)
• II. Researching Constitutions(p. 150)
• III. Researching Statutes(p. 151)
• A. Locating Statutes(p. 151)
• 1. Scavenge from Secondary Sources(p. 151)
• 2. Use Subject Indexes to Locate Controlling Statute(p. 152)
• 3. Analyze Associated Statutes(p. 153)
• 4. Locate and Analyze Noted Cases in Annotations(p. 153)
• 5. Use Citators to Update and Broaden Case Research(p. 153)
• 6. Use Term and Sentence-Form Searches(p. 154)
• 7. Research Legislative History if Needed(p. 154)
• B. Congressional Powers and the Legislative Process(p. 154)
• 1. Structure and Functions of Congress(p. 154)
• 2. How a Bill Becomes Law(p. 155)
• 3. Researching New Statutes(p. 157)
• IV. Researching and Updating Administrative Regulations(p. 158)
• V. Interpreting Statutes(p. 158)
• A. Plain Language(p. 159)
• B. Textualist Approach(p. 162)
• C. Purposive Interpretation(p. 164)
• 1. Documents Generated During the Legislative Process(p. 164)
• 2. Weight of Authority in Legislative History(p. 164)
• 3. How to find Legislative History Documents(p. 165)
• 4. Controversies Surrounding Legislative History(p. 165)
• 5. Interpretations Based on Public Policy(p. 166)
• VI. International Law and Treaties(p. 167)
• A. Researching International Law Online(p. 167)
• B. U.S. Interpretations of International Law(p. 167)
• Exercises(p. 168)
• Bibliography(p. 172)
• Chapter 7 Rewriting and Style(p. 173)
• I. United States Legal Writing Rhetoric(p. 173)
• A. The Ideal(p. 173)
• B. The Reality(p. 174)
• II. Rewriting(p. 174)
• III. Reorganization(p. 174)
• A. The Macro-Organization of an Objective Memo(p. 175)
• B. Reorganization of the Discussion(p. 176)
• C. Small-Scale Organization of the Rule Section(p. 178)
• 1. Use of Case Law and Avoidance of Laundry Lists(p. 178)
• 2. More Than One Problematic Component(p. 179)
• 3. Sequence of Cases(p. 179)
• 4. Paragraphs Discussing Cases(p. 180)
• 5. Incorporating Secondary Authority(p. 180)
• D. Small-Scale Organization of an Application Section(p. 181)
• 1. Structure of the Application Section(p. 181)
• 2. Fact-to-Fact Analogy(p. 183)
• E. Reorganization of the Facts(p. 184)
• F. Reorganization of the Conclusion(p. 184)
• G. Picturing How Sections of a Law Firm Memo Work Together(p. 185)
• IV. Editing(p. 185)
• A. Paragraphs(p. 185)
• 1. Paragraph Structure(p. 185)
• 2. Topic Sentences(p. 185)
• 3. Transitions(p. 186)
• B. Editing Sentences(p. 190)
• 1. Sentence Length(p. 190)
• 2. Sentence Structure(p. 191)
• 3. Paraphrasing and Using Language Consistently(p. 192)
• C. Editing Details(p. 193)
• 1. Paragraph and Sentence Format(p. 193)
• 2. Word Choice(p. 193)
• 3. Grammar(p. 194)
• V. Proofreading(p. 199)
• Exercises(p. 200)
• Chapter 8 Advanced Objective Writing(p. 203)
• I. Types of Scholarly Articles(p. 204)
• A. Seminar Papers and Thesis Papers(p. 204)
• B. Law Review Articles(p. 204)
• II. Subject Choice and Development(p. 206)
• A. Identifying a Particular Issue or Narrow Area(p. 206)
• B. Approaches to Articles(p. 207)
• C. Unanticipated Research Problems(p. 209)
• III. The Contents of a Scholarly Article(p. 209)
• A. Thesis Statement(p. 209)
• B. Basic Organization of a Scholarly Paper(p. 211)
• C. Footnotes(p. 211)
• 1. String Citations(p. 211)
• 2. Discursive Citations(p. 212)
• D. Plagiarism Warning(p. 214)
• IV. Time Management and Research Strategies(p. 215)
• A. Avoiding Procrastination(p. 215)
• B. Research Strategy(p. 216)
• C. Storing and Organizing Research for Larger Projects(p. 217)
• D. Reorganizing Research: Pre-prewriting(p. 217)
• V. The Writing Process(p. 218)
• A. The Natural Writing Process(p. 219)
• B. Prewriting(p. 220)
• 1. Notecards and Preliminary Notes(p. 220)
• 2. Outlining(p. 221)
• 3. Free-Form Outlining(p. 223)
• 4. Dump Drafts(p. 225)
• 5. Summary of the Optimal Prewriting Process(p. 225)
• C. Writing(p. 225)
• 1. Problematic Sections(p. 226)
• 2. Translation Problems with Comparative Topics(p. 226)
• 3. Keeping Track of Citations(p. 226)
• D. Rewriting(p. 227)
• 1. Organization(p. 227)
• 2. Content and Scope(p. 227)
• E. Editing(p. 227)
• 1. Signposts and Transitions(p. 227)
• 2. Paragraph and Sentence Structure(p. 228)
• 3. Style and Tone(p. 228)
• F. Introductions and Conclusions(p. 229)
• G. Polishing and Proofreading(p. 230)
• H. Final Thoughts(p. 231)
• Exercise(p. 231)
• Bibliography(p. 231)
• Chapter 9 Nonfee Internet Legal Research(p. 233)
• I. Research Strategies(p. 233)
• A. Stage 1 Research(p. 234)
• B. Stage 2 Research(p. 235)
• 1. Researching Statutes(p. 235)
• 2. Researching Regulations(p. 236)
• 3. Researching Case Law(p. 237)
• C. Stage 3 Research(p. 237)
• II. Research Methodology: Boolean Searches(p. 238)
• A. The and Connector(p. 238)
• B. The or Connector(p. 239)
• C. Problems with the Meaning of a Space between Words(p. 239)
• D. Parentheses: Using and and or in the Same Search(p. 239)
• E. Proximity Connectors(p. 239)
• F. Quotations, Pluralization, and Wild Cards(p. 240)
• G. Getting the Most from a Search(p. 241)
• III. Nonfee Legal Research Web Sites(p. 241)
• A. Legal Research Web Crawlers(p. 241)
• B. Law School and other Nonprofit Organization Sites(p. 242)
• C. Government Sites(p. 243)
• 1. Broad-Scoped Databases and Search Engines(p. 243)
• 2. Specific U.S. Government Databases(p. 243)
• D. Generic Search Engines and Web Crawlers(p. 244)
• Exercise(p. 244)
• Chapter 10 Persuasive Writing(p. 247)
• I. Trial Sequence and Accompanying Documents(p. 248)
• A. Pretrial Procedure and Documents(p. 248)
• 1. Preliminary Documents(p. 248)
• 2. Discovery(p. 251)
• B. The Trial(p. 253)
• II. Drafting Persuasive Documents(p. 255)
• A. Issues of Form(p. 255)
• B. Descriptions of Filings(p. 256)
• 1. The Complaint(p. 256)
• 2. The Answer(p. 257)
• 3. Motions to Dismiss(p. 257)
• 4. Notice of Appeal and the Appellate Brief(p. 258)
• C. Drafting Memoranda in Support or Appellate Briefs(p. 258)
• 1. Prewriting(p. 259)
• 2. Format(p. 259)
• 3. Drafting Sequence(p. 261)
• 4. The Introduction and Question Presented(p. 261)
• 5. The Statement of the Case or Statement of Facts(p. 262)
• 6. Statement of Jurisdiction(p. 265)
• 7. Standard of Review or Decisional Standard(p. 266)
• 8. The Argument(p. 268)
• III. A Cautionary Note: Ethical Rules and Writing Standards Applicable to Advocacy(p. 278)
• Discussion Notes(p. 281)
• Exercise(p. 283)
• Appendix to Chapter 10: Sample Filings(p. 283)
• Chapter 11 Drafting Contracts(p. 299)
• I. The Nature of Contract Drafting(p. 299)
• II. Background and Preparation(p. 301)
• A. The Initial Client Interview(p. 302)
• B. The Outline(p. 303)
• C. The Term Sheet or Draft Contract(p. 304)
• 1. Term Sheet(p. 304)
• 2. The Letter of Intent(p. 305)
• D. The Contract(p. 305)
• 1. Pattern or Form Books and Other Resources(p. 305)
• 2. The Form of a Contract(p. 307)
• III. Drafting the Contract(p. 308)
• A. Title(p. 308)
• B. Date(p. 308)
• C. Introduction(p. 308)
• D. Recitals(p. 310)
• E. Definitions(p. 312)
• F. Substantive Provisions (Terms)(p. 314)
• 1. Operating Clauses(p. 316)
• 2. Termination Clauses(p. 317)
• 3. Contingency Clauses(p. 318)
• 4. Damages and Remedies(p. 318)
• 5. Miscellaneous(p. 320)
• G. Signatures and Dates(p. 321)
• H. Notarization and Witnesses(p. 321)
• Exercise(p. 321)
• Bibliography(p. 324)
• Appendix Preparing for and Taking Examinations(p. 325)
• I. Outlining and Studying(p. 327)
• A. Preparing an Outline(p. 327)
• B. Studying and Practicing with Hypothetical Problems(p. 328)
• C. Sample Outline(p. 328)
• II. Taking U.S. Law School Examinations(p. 331)
• A. The Plan of Attack(p. 331)
• 1. Read the General Directions(p. 331)
• 2. Scan the Exam and Allocate Your Time(p. 331)
• 3. Apportion One-Third of Your Time for Reading and Outlining Essay Questions(p. 332)
• 4. Read Each Essay Question Twice(p. 332)
• 5. Highlight Clues and Note Key Concepts(p. 332)
• 6. Outline Your Answer(p. 332)
• 7. Write Your Essay Answer with an Eye on the Clock(p. 333)
• B. Writing the Exam: IRAC and CRAC(p. 333)
• C. Common Errors(p. 333)
• 1. Taking Sides(p. 334)
• 2. Failing to Explicitly State Controlling Law(p. 334)
• 3. Failing to Note the Relationship between Legal Issues(p. 334)
• 4. Mixing Legal Categories(p. 334)
• 5. Discussing Irrelevant Legal Principles(p. 335)
• D. Sample Torts Question and Answers(p. 335)
• Exercise(p. 336)
• Comparing the Two Answers(p. 338)
• Bibliography(p. 340)
• Index(p. 343)

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