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Explore the integral roles of legal reading, reasoning, and writing with Synthisis, Second Edition . the authors prepare students for practice by: teaching them how to think like a lawyer; the authors discuss how to read the law, how to reason about a client's situation, and how to write about it in different legal forms taking a step-by-step approach to effective legal reasoning and writing - for each skill, The authors set out steps to follow, identify factors to consider, detail criteria for effective legal writing, and explore pertinent ethical principles using one case file, The HomeElderCare case, For all the examples in the book; this case involving the unauthorized practice of law, demonstrates how to carefully analyze a case from the initial client interview through appellate argument providing pedagogy designed to reach those who learn in different ways, such as incorporating numerous charts and diagrams for visual learner exercises based on a tort law issue that will resonate with first-year students and provide opportunities for active development skills What's new in the Second Edition? edited text throughout the ook for greater clarity and accessibility the citation appendix and citation style examples now incoporate the ALWD Citation Manual, As well as the Bluebook a new section on contract drafting

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• List of Exhibits(p. xxiii)
• List of Studies and Ethics Boxes(p. xxvii)
• Preface(p. xxix)
• Acknowledgments(p. xxxi)
• Chapter 1 Introduction: The Lawyer's Roles and the Legal System(p. 1)
• A. Introduction(p. 1)
• B. The Lawyer's Roles(p. 2)
• 1. Problem-Solver for Clients(p. 2)
• 2. Servant of the Public(p. 3)
• 3. Some Examples(p. 4)
• C. The Legal System(p. 6)
• D. About This Book(p. 8)
• E. The HomeElderCare Situation(p. 9)
• Chapter 2 The Structure of Legal Rules(p. 11)
• A. Introduction(p. 11)
• B. Framing Rules in If/Then Form(p. 12)
• 1. Separating Factual Conditions from Legal Consequences(p. 12)
• 2. Dealing with Rules with Exceptions(p. 13)
• 3. Deriving Individual Elements and Consequences(p. 14)
• C. Analyzing the Rule's Elements(p. 15)
• D. Analyzing the Legal Consequences(p. 18)
• E. Depicting a Rule Various Ways(p. 19)
• F. Review of Chapter 2(p. 20)
• Chapter 3 Reading Cases(p. 21)
• A. Introduction(p. 21)
• B. Court Structure(p. 22)
• 1. Levels of Courts(p. 22)
• 2. Jurisdiction(p. 24)
• C. Stare Decisis and Precedent(p. 25)
• 1. Stare Decisis(p. 25)
• 2. Mandatory and Persuasive Precedent(p. 26)
• 3. Retroactive Effect of Cases(p. 27)
• D. Reading a Case(p. 28)
• 1. Two Narratives(p. 28)
• 2. An Analogy: Cases as Fables(p. 28)
• 3. Organization of a Case Report(p. 29)
• 4. Reading Stages(p. 30)
• E. Briefing a Case(p. 30)
• 1. Opening Components(p. 32)
• 2. Core Components(p. 33)
• 3. Optional, Concluding Components(p. 36)
• 4. Some Drafting Suggestions(p. 37)
• F. Federalism(p. 38)
• G. Review of Chapter 3(p. 39)
• Chapter 4 Fusing Cases(p. 41)
• A. Introduction(p. 41)
• B. Understanding Fusion in the Legal Context(p. 42)
• C. Arraying and Fusing Cases(p. 42)
• 1. Arraying Cases Hierarchically and Chronologically(p. 43)
• 2. Fusing the Cases(p. 44)
• 3. Checking Your Work(p. 47)
• D. Recognizing the Limits of Fusion(p. 48)
• E. Review of Chapter 4(p. 49)
• Chapter 5 Reading Statutes(p. 51)
• A. Introduction(p. 51)
• B. Legislative Process and Legislative Intent(p. 52)
• 1. Legislative Process(p. 52)
• 2. Legislative Intent and Word Choice(p. 55)
• 3. Prospective Effect of Statutes(p. 55)
• C. Reading a Statute(p. 56)
• 1. An Analogy: Rules of a Game(p. 56)
• 2. Organization of a Statute(p. 56)
• 3. Reading Stages(p. 58)
• D. Briefing a Statute(p. 58)
• 1. Brief Based on Statutory Components(p. 58)
• 2. Briefs Based on If/Then Format(p. 60)
• 3. Drafting Carefully and Checking Your Work(p. 60)
• E. Federalism(p. 63)
• F. Review of Chapter 5(p. 63)
• Chapter 6 Interpreting Statutes(p. 65)
• A. Introduction(p. 65)
• B. Ambiguity in Statutory Language(p. 66)
• 1. Why and How Ambiguity Arises(p. 66)
• 2. An Analogy: Rules of a Game(p. 67)
• C. Employing the Plain Meaning Rule, Purpose Approach, and Golden Rule(p. 68)
• D. Relying on Cases Interpreting Statutes(p. 68)
• E. Incorporating Legislative Intent(p. 69)
• 1. Legislative History(p. 71)
• 2. Legal Context(p. 71)
• 3. Public Policy Context(p. 72)
• 4. The Paradigm Case(p. 72)
• F. Applying Canons of Construction(p. 73)
• G. Looking to Similar Statutes and Persuasive Precedent(p. 74)
• H. Review of Chapter 6(p. 75)
• Chapter 7 Reading Commentary(p. 77)
• A. Introduction(p. 77)
• B. Types of Commentary(p. 77)
• C. Using Commentary to Advance Your Legal Analysis(p. 79)
• D. Review of Chapter 7(p. 80)
• Chapter 8 Applying a Rule to Facts: Deductive Reasoning(p. 81)
• A. Introduction(p. 81)
• B. What Is Deductive Reasoning?(p. 82)
• C. Linking Elements and Client Facts(p. 82)
• D. Depictions of Deductive Reasoning(p. 83)
• 1. Column Chart(p. 84)
• 2. Syllogism(p. 84)
• E. Cautions About the Negative of the Rule(p. 87)
• F. Review of Chapter 8(p. 89)
• Chapter 9 Applying a Rule to Facts: Reasoning by Example and Policy Analysis(p. 91)
• A. Introduction(p. 91)
• B. Reasoning by Example(p. 92)
• 1. What Is Reasoning by Example?(p. 92)
• 2. Judging Similarity and Difference(p. 93)
• 3. Depicting Reasoning by Example(p. 94)
• 4. Using Reasoning by Example(p. 96)
• C. Policy Analysis(p. 96)
• 1. What Is Policy Analysis?(p. 96)
• 2. Deriving Policy(p. 97)
• 3. Employing Policy Analysis(p. 97)
• D. Meshing Deductive Reasoning, Reasoning by Example, and Policy Analysis(p. 99)
• E. Review of Chapter 9(p. 101)
• Chapter 10 Advisory Writing: The Function and Format of the Office Memo(p. 103)
• A. Introduction(p. 103)
• B. Reader-Centered Writing and the Writer's Voice(p. 104)
• 1. Reader-Centered Writing(p. 104)
• 2. The Writer's Voice(p. 105)
• C. The Function and Format of the Office Memo(p. 106)
• 1. The Function of the Office Memo: Audience and Purpose(p. 106)
• 2. The Format of the Office Memo(p. 107)
• 3. An Analogy: The Architecture of a House(p. 108)
• D. Writing the Office Memo Components(p. 108)
• E. Review of Chapter 10(p. 109)
• Chapter 11 The Office Memo: The Discussion(p. 111)
• A. Introduction(p. 111)
• B. An Analogy: The Interior of a House(p. 112)
• C. Large-Scale Organization: How Rules Relate to Parts(p. 113)
• D. Middle-Scale Organization: How Elements Relate to Subparts(p. 115)
• E. Small-Scale Organization: How Analysis Is Developed in Paragraph Blocks(p. 117)
• 1. IRAC(p. 117)
• 2. Paragraphs and Paragraph Blocks(p. 119)
• 3. IRAC Packages(p. 120)
• F. Branchpoints(p. 122)
• G. Sketching and Checking Your Organization(p. 124)
• H. Headings, Overviews, and Transitions(p. 125)
• I. Additional Considerations(p. 125)
• J. Review of Chapter 11(p. 127)
• Chapter 12 The Office Memo: Issues, Short Answers, and Conclusion(p. 129)
• A. Introduction(p. 129)
• B. An Analogy: Parts of a House(p. 130)
• C. Issues(p. 130)
• 1. The Function of the Issues(p. 130)
• 2. Drafting Issues(p. 130)
• D. Short Answers(p. 131)
• 1. The Function of the Short Answers(p. 131)
• 2. Drafting Short Answers(p. 132)
• E. Conclusion(p. 132)
• 1. The Function of the Conclusion(p. 132)
• 2. Giving Legal Advice(p. 133)
• 3. Drafting the Conclusion(p. 133)
• F. Overarching Considerations(p. 134)
• G. Review of Chapter 12(p. 135)
• Chapter 13 The Office Memo: The Facts(p. 137)
• A. Introduction(p. 137)
• B. Functions of the Fact Statement(p. 138)
• C. An Analogy: Foundation of a House(p. 138)
• D. Assembling the Facts(p. 138)
• 1. Weaving Facts Together(p. 138)
• 2. Sorting Facts(p. 140)
• 3. Timing(p. 141)
• E. Presenting the Facts(p. 141)
• 1. Format(p. 141)
• 2. Perspective and Flow(p. 142)
• 3. Wording(p. 142)
• F. Review of Chapter 13(p. 143)
• Chapter 14 Advisory Writing: The Function and Format of the Advice Letter(p. 145)
• A. Introduction(p. 145)
• B. The Advisor's Ethics(p. 146)
• C. The Function of the Advice Letter: Audience and Purpose(p. 149)
• D. The Format of the Advice Letter(p. 150)
• E. Additional Considerations(p. 154)
• F. Review of Chapter 14(p. 155)
• Chapter 15 Advocacy Writing in the Pre-Trial and Trial Setting: The Function and Format of the Motion Practice Memorandum(p. 157)
• A. Introduction(p. 158)
• B. The Advocate's Ethics(p. 159)
• C. Civil Litigation and Motion Practice(p. 161)
• 1. Phases of Civil Litigation and Accompanying Motions(p. 162)
• 2. Motion Practice(p. 163)
• D. The Function of the Motion Practice Memorandum: Audience and Purpose(p. 166)
• E. The Format of the Motion Practice Memorandum(p. 168)
• 1. Format Choices(p. 168)
• 2. Seven Components(p. 168)
• F. Review of Chapter 15(p. 176)
• Chapter 16 Fundamentals of Advocacy(p. 179)
• A. Introduction(p. 179)
• B. The Bases of Persuasive Legal Argument(p. 180)
• C. An Analogy: Photography(p. 180)
• D. Interpreting the Facts(p. 181)
• E. Selecting Legal Topics and Arguments(p. 182)
• F. Arguing in the Alternative(p. 183)
• G. Accounting for Your Opponent's Arguments(p. 184)
• H. Assessing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Your Case(p. 185)
• I. Developing a Theory of Your Case(p. 187)
• J. Stressing Your Strengths(p. 187)
• K. Working Around Your Weaknesses(p. 189)
• L. Review of Chapter 16(p. 191)
• Chapter 17 Advocacy Writing in the Appellate Setting: The Function and Format of the Appellate Brief(p. 193)
• A. Introduction(p. 193)
• B. The Appellate Setting(p. 194)
• 1. The Purpose of Appeals in the Legal System(p. 194)
• 2. Differences between Appeals and Trials(p. 194)
• 3. The Range of an Appeal(p. 196)
• 4. Rules Governing the Scope of Appellate Review(p. 196)
• 5. Standards of Appellate Review(p. 198)
• 6. Mandatory Versus Discretionary Review(p. 198)
• 7. Appellate Procedure(p. 199)
• 8. Appellate Strategy and Ethics(p. 203)
• C. The Function of the Appellate Brief: Audience and Purpose(p. 206)
• D. The Format of the Appellate Brief(p. 206)
• 1. Classic Components of the Main Brief(p. 208)
• 2. Respondent's Brief and the Reply Brief(p. 216)
• E. Review of Chapter 17(p. 216)
• Chapter 18 Advanced Advocacy(p. 217)
• A. Introduction(p. 218)
• B. An Analogy: Photography(p. 218)
• C. Slanting Your Prose(p. 218)
• 1. Space Allocation(p. 218)
• 2. Sequence of Points(p. 219)
• 3. Syntax(p. 220)
• 4. Semantics(p. 222)
• 5. Special Sentences(p. 222)
• D. Setting the Proper Tone and Pitch(p. 224)
• E. Framing Your Arguments with Finesse(p. 226)
• 1. Concessions(p. 226)
• 2. Rebuttals(p. 227)
• F. Conceptualizing a Change in the Law(p. 228)
• 1. Traditional Steps in Advocating for a Rule of Law(p. 228)
• 2. Stepping Outside the Law(p. 230)
• G. Review of Chapter 18(p. 231)
• Chapter 19 Oral Advocacy(p. 233)
• A. Introduction(p. 233)
• B. The Function of Oral Argument: Audience and Purpose(p. 234)
• 1. A Conversation with the Court(p. 234)
• 2. Written Versus Oral Advocacy(p. 234)
• C. Oral Argument Procedures(p. 235)
• 1. The Context of Oral Argument(p. 235)
• 2. The Format of Oral Argument(p. 236)
• D. Preparing for the Oral Argument(p. 239)
• 1. Selecting Arguments to Present(p. 239)
• 2. Setting the "Pitch" of the Argument(p. 239)
• 3. Allocating Time(p. 240)
• 4. Planning for Flexibility(p. 241)
• 5. Preparing Written Materials(p. 241)
• 6. Practicing(p. 242)
• E. Delivering the Argument(p. 244)
• 1. Making Spoken Communication Clear(p. 244)
• 2. Presenting Quotations(p. 245)
• 3. Answering Questions(p. 245)
• 4. Being Your Best Self(p. 251)
• F. The Day of the Argument(p. 252)
• 1. Before the Argument(p. 252)
• 2. During the Argument(p. 252)
• G. Review of Chapter 19(p. 253)
• HomeElderCare Case File(p. 255)
• First Component(p. 259)
• Second Component(p. 322)
• Third Component(p. 340)
• Fourth Component(p. 361)
• Appendix I The Writing Process(p. 397)
• A. The Inventor Stage(p. 397)
• B. The Architect Stage(p. 398)
• C. The Costume-Maker Stage(p. 399)
• D. The Critic Stage(p. 400)
• 1. Distancing Yourself from Your Draft(p. 401)
• 2. Immersing Yourself in Your Draft(p. 401)
• 3. Your Final Responsibility(p. 403)
• Appendix II Paragraph Design, Sentence Structure, and Word Usage(p. 405)
• Easy Reference List(p. 406)
• A. Paragraph Design(p. 409)
• 1. Cohesion Among Sentences(p. 410)
• 2. Paragraph Length(p. 411)
• 3. Links Between Paragraphs(p. 411)
• B. Sentence Structure(p. 412)
• 1. Reader Expectations and Energy Expenditures(p. 412)
• 2. The Relationship Between Subject and Verb(p. 413)
• 3. Verbs(p. 417)
• 4. Nouns and Pronouns(p. 422)
• 5. Relationships Among Clauses and Phrases(p. 424)
• 6. Punctuation(p. 428)
• C. Word Usage(p. 434)
• 1. Consistent and Distinct Wording Choices(p. 434)
• 2. Nominalization(p. 435)
• 3. Unneeded Adverbs(p. 435)
• 4. Multiple Negatives(p. 435)
• 5. Surplus Words(p. 436)
• 6. Precise Word Choices(p. 436)
• 7. Gender-Neutral Wording(p. 437)
• Appendix III.A Citation: ALWD Citation Manual(p. 439)
• A. Introduction(p. 439)
• B. Citation to Legal Materials(p. 442)
• 1. Functions of Legal Citations(p. 442)
• 2. Long Citation Forms for Commonly Cited Sources(p. 442)
• 3. Short Citation Forms(p. 444)
• 4. Placement of Citations Within Text(p. 444)
• 5. Linking Your Citations and Your Text(p. 445)
• 6. Parentheticals and Other Appended Information(p. 446)
• 7. Multiple Sources Supporting a Single Point(p. 446)
• C. Citation to Materials About Your Case(p. 447)
• D. The ALWD Citation Manual as a Style Manual(p. 447)
• Appendix III.B Citation: The Bluebook(p. 449)
• A. Introduction(p. 449)
• B. Citation to Legal Materials(p. 452)
• 1. Functions of Legal Citations(p. 452)
• 2. Long Citation Forms for Commonly Cited Sources(p. 452)
• 3. Short Citation Forms(p. 453)
• 4. Placement of Citations Within Text(p. 454)
• 5. Linking Your Citations and Your Text(p. 455)
• 6. Parentheticals and Other Appended Information(p. 455)
• 7. Multiple Sources Supporting a Single Point(p. 456)
• C. Citation to Materials About Your Case(p. 457)
• D. The Bluebook as a Style Manual(p. 457)
• Appendix IV Contract Drafting(p. 459)
• Introduction(p. 459)
• 1. Lawfulness(p. 460)
• 2. Accuracy(p. 461)
• 3. Balance(p. 461)
• 4. Comprehensiveness(p. 462)
• 5. Foresight(p. 463)
• 6. Practicality(p. 464)
• 7. Precision(p. 464)
• 8. Comprehensibility(p. 467)
• 9. Aptness(p. 468)
• 10. Aesthetics(p. 468)
• Exercises(p. 471)
• Chapter 2. The Structure of Legal Rules(p. 473)
• Chapter 3. Reading Cases(p. 475)
• Chapter 4. Fusing Cases(p. 483)
• Chapter 5. Reading Statutes(p. 487)
• Chapter 6. Interpreting Statutes(p. 491)
• Chapter 7. Reading Commentary(p. 493)
• Chapter 8. Applying a Rule to Facts: Deductive Reasoning(p. 501)
• Chapter 9. Applying a Rule to Facts: Reasoning by Example and Policy Analysis(p. 503)
• Chapter 11. The Office Memo: The Discussion(p. 505)
• Chapter 12. The Office Memo: Issues, Short Answers, and Conclusion(p. 507)
• Chapter 13. The Office Memo: The Facts(p. 509)
• Chapter 14. Advisory Writing: The Function and Format of the Advice Letter(p. 513)
• Chapter 15. Advocacy Writing in the Pre-Trial and Trial Setting: The Function and Format of the Motion Practice Memorandum(p. 515)
• Chapter 16. Fundamentals of Advocacy(p. 521)
• Chapter 17. Advocacy Writing in the Appellate Setting: The Function and Format of the Appellate Brief(p. 523)
• Chapter 18. Advanced Advocacy(p. 527)
• Chapter 19. Oral Advocacy(p. 531)
• Table of Authorities(p. 533)
• Index(p. 537)