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A concise, affordable paperback research methods text from Earl Babbie, who defined how to teach the research methods course with THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH, 8th. By emphasizing an understanding of the theoretical logic behind the research process and demonstrating preferred techniques, this text helps students see methods as a way of thinking and gathering evidence.

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• Preface
• Table Of Contents
• Contents in Brief
• Contents in Detail
• The Basics of Social Research
• Part 1 An Introduction to Inquiry
• 1 Human Inquiry and Science
• 2 Paradigms, Theory, and Research
• 3 The Idea of Causation in Social Research
• Part 2 The Structuring of Inquiry
• 4 Research Design
• 5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement
• 6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies
• 7 The Logic of Sampling
• Part 3 Modes of Observation: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
• The Ethical Dimension of Research
• 8 Experiments
• 9 Survey Research
• 10 Unobtrusive Measures
• 11 Field Research
• 12 Qualitative Interviewing
• 13 Evaluation Research
• Part 4 Analysis of Data
• 14 Qualitative Data Analysis
• 15 Quantifying Data
• 16 Elementary Quantitative Analysis, the Elaboration Model, and Social Statistics
• Contents in Detail
• Preface
• Prologue
• Part 1 An Introduction to Inquiry
• Chapter 1 Human Inquiry and Science
• Introduction
• Looking for Reality
• The Foundations of Social Science
• Some Dialectics of Social Research
• The Ethics of Social Research
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 2 Paradigms, Theory, and Research
• Introduction
• Some Social Science Paradigms
• Elements of Social Theory
• Two Logical Systems Revisited
• Deductive Theory Construction
• Inductive Theory Construction
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 3 The Idea of Causation in Social Research
• Introduction
• Determinism and Social Science
• Causation in Idiographic and Nomothetic Models of Explanation
• Criteria for Causality
• Errors in Reasoning about Causation
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Part 2 The Structuring of Inquiry
• Chapter 4 Research Design
• Introduction
• Purposes of Research
• Units of Analysis
• The Time Dimension
• How to Design a Research Project
• The Research Proposal
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement
• Introduction
• Measuring Anything That Exists
• Conceptualization
• Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies
• Operational Choices
• Criteria for Measurement Quality
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies
• Introduction
• Indexes versus Scales
• Index Construction
• Scale Construction
• Typologies
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 7 The Logic of Sampling
• Introduction
• The Brief History of Sampling
• Nonprobability Sampling
• The Logic of Probability Sampling
• Sampling Concepts and Terminology
• Probability Sampling Theory and Sampling Distribution
• Populations and Sampling Frames
• Types of Sampling Designs
• Illustration: Sampling University Students
• Multistage Cluster Sampling
• Illustration: Sampling Churchwomen
• Probability Sampling in Review
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Part 3 Modes of Observation: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
• Introduction
• The Ethical Dimension of Research
• Chapter 8 Experiments
• Introduction
• Topics Appropriate to Experiments
• The Classical Experiment
• Selecting Subjects
• Variations on Experimental Design
• An Illustration of Experimentation
• "Natural" Experiments
• Ethical Considerations
• Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 9 Survey Research
• Introduction
• Topics Appropriate to Survey Research
• Guidelines for Asking Questions
• Questionnaire Construction
• Self-Administered Questionnaires
• Interview Surveys
• Telephone Surveys
• New Technologies
• Comparison of the Different Survey Methods
• Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research
• Secondary Analysis
• Main Points
• Review Questions and Exercises
• Continuity Project
• Additional Readings
• Chapter 10 Unobtr