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Capsule summaries, casebook correlation charts, exam tips, and quizes will help law students study for courses and for exams. Chapters cover actus reus and mens rea, causation, responsibility, justification and excuse, attempt, conspiracy, accomplice liability and solicitation, homicide and other c

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• Preface(p. xxvii)
• Casebook Correlation Chart(p. xxix)
• Capsule Summary(p. 1)
• Chapter 1 Actus Reus and Mens Rea
• I. Actus Reus(p. 1)
• A. Significance of "actus reus" concept(p. 1)
• B. Distinguished from thoughts, words, possession and status(p. 1)
• C. Act must be voluntary(p. 2)
• D. Omissions(p. 4)
• II. Mens Rea(p. 11)
• A. Introduction(p. 11)
• B. General versus specific intent(p. 12)
• C. Common law vs. statutory crimes(p. 13)
• D. Presumption of intent(p. 13)
• E. Different states of mind(p. 14)
• F. "Purposely"(p. 14)
• G. "Knowingly"(p. 16)
• H. "Recklessly"(p. 19)
• I. "Negligently"(p. 20)
• J. Strict liability(p. 21)
• K. Vicarious liability(p. 23)
• L. Mistakes of fact or law(p. 25)
• III. Concurrence(p. 33)
• A. Concurrence generally(p. 33)
• B. Concurrence between mind and act ("temporal concurrence")(p. 33)
• C. Concurrence between mind and result(p. 35)
• Chapter 2 Causation
• I. Introduction(p. 43)
• II. Cause in Fact(p. 43)
• A. Cause in fact generally(p. 43)
• III. Proximate Cause Generally(p. 45)
• A. Proximate cause, in general(p. 45)
• B. No mechanical principles(p. 45)
• IV. Proximate Cause--Unintended Victims(p. 46)
• A. Unintended victims generally(p. 46)
• B. Resulting crime is more serious(p. 47)
• C. Application where different property destroyed(p. 47)
• D. Actual victim not foreseeable(p. 48)
• E. Must be linked to "manner of harm" problems(p. 48)
• F. Defense assertable against intended victim(p. 48)
• G. Mistake of identity(p. 48)
• H. Crimes of recklessness or negligence(p. 49)
• V. Proximate Cause--Unintended Manner of Harm(p. 50)
• A. Unintended manner of harm generally(p. 50)
• B. Direct causation(p. 50)
• C. Intervening acts(p. 52)
• D. Causation in felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter cases(p. 59)
• E. Strict liability crimes(p. 60)
• Chapter 3 Responsibility
• I. The Insanity Defense(p. 67)
• A. General purpose(p. 67)
• B. Tests for insanity(p. 68)
• C. M'Naghten "right-wrong" rule(p. 68)
• D. "Irresistible impulse"(p. 70)
• E. The Durham "product" test(p. 70)
• F. Model Penal Code standard(p. 70)
• G. The federal standard(p. 72)
• H. Raising and establishing the defense(p. 73)
• I. XYY chromosome defense(p. 75)
• J. Commitment following insanity acquittal(p. 76)
• K. Fitness to stand trial(p. 77)
• L. Insanity at time set for execution(p. 78)
• II. Diminished Responsibility(p. 79)
• A. Meaning of diminished responsibility(p. 79)
• B. Insanity defense sometimes held to be superseding(p. 80)
• C. Specific applications(p. 80)
• III. Automatism(p. 81)
• A. Nature of automatism defense(p. 81)
• B. Defense sometimes superseded by insanity(p. 81)
• C. Generally allowed in America(p. 81)
• D. Not necessarily subsumed within insanity defense(p. 82)
• IV. Intoxication(p. 82)
• A. The problem generally(p. 82)
• B. Voluntary intoxication(p. 83)
• C. Involuntary intoxication(p. 87)
• D. Alcoholism and narcotics addiction(p. 89)
• V. Infancy(p. 91)
• A. Common-law treatment(p. 91)
• B. Effect of legislation(p. 91)
• Chapter 4 Justification and Excuse
• I. General Principles(p. 97)
• A. Justification vs. excuse(p. 97)
• B. Effect of mistake of fact(p. 97)
• C. Overlapping of defenses(p. 98)
• II. Duress(p. 99)
• A. Nature of duress(p. 99)
• B. Elements of the defense(p. 99)
• C. Rationale for defense(p. 99)
• D. Homicide cases(p. 99)
• E. Imminence of threatened harm(p. 100)
• F. Death or serious bodily injury(p. 100)
• G. Threat directed at person other than defendant(p. 100)
• H. Effect of mistake(p. 101)
• I. Defendant who voluntarily subjects himself to danger(p. 101)
• J. Wife coerced by husband(p. 101)
• K. Military orders(p. 101)
• L. Guilt of coercer(p. 101)
• M. Relation to "choice of evils" or "necessity" defense(p. 102)
• III. Necessity(p. 102)
• A. The necessity defense generally(p. 102)
• B. Requirements for defense(p. 103)
• C. Illustrative examples(p. 103)
• D. Homicide(p. 103)
• E. Economic necessity not sufficient(p. 105)
• F. Civil disobedience(p. 105)
• G. Prevention of "possible future harm" not sufficient(p. 106)
• IV. Self-Defense(p. 106)
• A. Self-defense generally(p. 106)
• B. Requirements(p. 106)
• C. What constitutes unlawful force(p. 107)
• D. Degree of force(p. 107)
• E. Deadly force(p. 108)
• F. Imminence of harm(p. 109)
• G. Aggressor may not defend himself(p. 109)
• H. Retreat(p. 111)
• I. Effect of mistake(p. 112)
• J. Battered women and self-defense(p. 115)
• K. Resisting arrest(p. 118)
• L. Injury to third person(p. 118)
• M. "Imperfect" self-defense(p. 119)
• N. Burden of proof(p. 119)
• V. Defense of Others(p. 119)
• A. Right to defend others in general(p. 119)
• B. Relation between defendant and aided person(p. 119)
• C. Requirements for defense(p. 120)
• D. Retreat(p. 120)
• E. Mistake as to who is aggressor(p. 120)
• VI. Defense of Property(p. 121)
• A. Right to defend property generally(p. 121)
• B. Deadly force not generally allowed(p. 122)
• C. Use of mechanical devices(p. 122)
• D. Recapture of chattel and of re-entry on land(p. 123)
• VII. Law Enforcement (Arrest; Prevention of Escape & Crime)(p. 124)
• A. Law Enforcement privilege generally(p. 124)
• B. Arrest(p. 124)
• C. Prevention of escape(p. 128)
• D. Crime prevention(p. 128)
• VIII. Maintaining Authority(p. 128)
• A. Right to maintain authority generally(p. 128)
• B. Parents of minor(p. 128)
• C. School teacher(p. 129)
• IX. Consent(p. 129)
• A. Effect of consent by victim(p. 129)
• B. Incapacity to consent(p. 130)
• C. Contributory negligence of victim(p. 130)
• D. Guilt of victim(p. 130)
• E. Condonation and compromise(p. 130)
• X. Entrapment(p. 130)
• A. Entrapment generally(p. 130)
• B. Evidence(p. 132)
• C. Distinguish from "missing element" cases(p. 132)
• Chapter 5 Attempt
• I. Introduction(p. 145)
• A. Concept of attempt generally(p. 145)
• II. Mental State(p. 147)
• A. Intent usually required(p. 147)
• III. The Act--Attempt vs. "Mere Preparation"(p. 149)
• A. Attempt distinguished from mere preparation(p. 149)
• B. The proximity approach(p. 150)
• C. The "equivocality" test(p. 151)
• D. Model Penal Code's "substantial step" test(p. 152)
• IV. Impossibility(p. 154)
• A. Nature of "impossibility" defense(p. 154)
• B. Factual impossibility(p. 154)
• C. "True legal" impossibility(p. 155)
• D. Mistake of fact governing legal relationship(p. 156)
• E. "Inherent" impossibility (inaptness and superstition)(p. 159)
• V. Renunciation(p. 160)
• A. Renunciation of criminal purpose(p. 160)
• B. Modern view accepts defense(p. 161)
• C. Voluntariness requirement(p. 161)
• VI. Attempt-Like Crimes(p. 162)
• A. Inchoate crimes generally(p. 162)
• B. Attempt to commit attempt-like crimes(p. 163)
• C. Constitutional objections to attempt-like crimes(p. 163)
• VII. Mechanics of Trial; Punishment(p. 163)
• A. Relation between charge and conviction(p. 163)
• B. Penalties(p. 164)
• Chapter 6 Conspiracy
• I. Introduction(p. 173)
• A. Definition of "conspiracy"(p. 173)
• B. Purposes of conspiracy law(p. 173)
• C. Procedural advantages(p. 174)
• II. The Agreement(p. 174)
• A. "Meeting of the minds" not required(p. 174)
• B. Aiding and abetting(p. 175)
• C. Parties do not agree to commit object crime(p. 176)
• D. Feigned agreement(p. 176)
• E. Knowledge of the identity of other conspirator(p. 177)
• III. Mens Rea(p. 177)
• A. The intent requirement generally(p. 177)
• B. Intent to commit object crime(p. 177)
• C. Supplying of goods and services(p. 179)
• D. Differing mental states(p. 180)
• IV. The Conspiratorial Objective(p. 181)
• A. Non-criminal objectives(p. 181)
• B. Overt act requirement(p. 182)
• C. Impossibility(p. 182)
• D. Substantive liability for crimes of other conspirators(p. 183)
• V. Scope: Multiple Parties(p. 184)
• A. Parties not in contact with each other(p. 184)
• B. "Wheel" conspiracies(p. 184)
• C. "Chain" conspiracies(p. 185)
• D. Organized crime(p. 186)
• E. Party who comes late or leaves early(p. 186)
• VI. Duration of the Conspiracy(p. 187)
• A. Significance of issue(p. 187)
• B. Abandonment(p. 187)
• VII. Plurality(p. 189)
• A. Significance of plurality requirement(p. 189)
• B. Wharton's Rule(p. 190)
• C. Statutory purpose not to punish one party(p. 191)
• D. Spouses and corporations(p. 192)
• E. Inconsistent disposition(p. 193)
• VIII. Punishment(p. 193)
• A. Typical penalty schemes(p. 193)
• B. Cumulative sentencing(p. 194)
• Chapter 7 Accomplice Liability and Solicitation
• I. Parties to Crime(p. 205)
• A. Various parties(p. 205)
• B. Procedural effects of classification(p. 206)
• II. Accomplices--the Act Requirement(p. 206)
• A. Aiding and abetting(p. 206)
• B. Aid not crucial(p. 207)
• C. Conspiracy as meeting the act requirement(p. 208)
• III. Accomplices--Mental State(p. 209)
• A. General confusion(p. 209)
• B. Intentional aid(p. 209)
• C. Knowledge, but not intent, as to criminal result(p. 210)
• D. Assistance with crime of recklessness or negligence(p. 211)
• E. Strict liability(p. 212)
• IV. Accomplices--Additional Crimes by Principal(p. 213)
• A. Results that are "natural and probable" but not intended(p. 213)
• V. Guilt of the Principal(p. 216)
• A. Principal must generally be guilty(p. 216)
• B. Principal without required mental state(p. 217)
• VI. Withdrawal by the Accomplice(p. 219)
• A. Withdrawal as defense(p. 219)
• VII. Victims and Other Exceptions to Accomplice Liability(p. 220)
• A. Defendant who could not be liable as principal(p. 220)
• B. Exceptions for certain classes(p. 220)
• VIII. Post-Crime Assistance(p. 221)
• A. Accessory after the fact(p. 221)
• B. Elements of the offense(p. 221)
• C. Misprision of felony(p. 221)
• D. Compounding crime(p. 221)
• IX. Solicitation(p. 222)
• A. Solicitation defined(p. 222)
• B. No overt act required(p. 222)
• C. No corroboration required(p. 222)
• D. Mental state(p. 222)
• E. Solicitation of accomplice(p. 222)
• F. Communication not received(p. 223)
• G. Defenses(p. 223)
• H. Solicitation as an attempted crime(p. 223)
• Chapter 8 Homicide, and Other Crimes Against the Person
• I. Homicide--Introduction(p. 231)
• A. Different grades of homicide(p. 231)
• II. Murder(p. 231)
• A. Taking of life(p. 231)
• B. Elements of murder(p. 233)
• C. Intent-to-kill murder(p. 234)
• D. Intent to do serious bodily injury(p. 235)
• E. Reckless indifference to value of human life ("depraved heart")(p. 236)
• III. Felony-Murder(p. 238)
• A. Felony-murder generally(p. 238)
• B. Dangerous vs. non-dangerous felonies(p. 238)
• C. Causal relationship(p. 240)
• D. Accomplice liability of co-felons(p. 243)
• E. "In the commission of" a felony(p. 244)
• F. Felony is includible in homicide(p. 245)
• G. Future of the felony-murder rule(p. 246)
• IV. Degrees of Murder(p. 247)
• A. Degrees of murder(p. 247)
• B. Death Penalty(p. 247)
• C. First-degree murder(p. 249)
• D. Second-degree murder(p. 251)
• V. Manslaughter--Voluntary(p. 252)
• A. Manslaughter generally(p. 252)
• B. Voluntary manslaughter based on "heat of passion"(p. 252)
• C. Requirements for voluntary manslaughter(p. 252)
• D. Reasonable provocation(p. 252)
• E. Actual provocation(p. 255)
• F. Reasonable "cooling off period"(p. 256)
• G. Actual cooling off(p. 256)
• H. Killing of one other than provoker(p. 256)
• I. Other kinds of voluntary manslaughter(p. 257)
• VI. Manslaughter--Involuntary(p. 258)
• A. Involuntary manslaughter based on criminal negligence(p. 258)
• B. Unlawful-act manslaughter ("misdemeanor-manslaughter")(p. 260)
• VII. Assault, Battery and Mayhem(p. 267)
• A. Battery(p. 267)
• B. Assault(p. 268)
• C. Mayhem(p. 268)
• VIII. Rape(p. 269)
• A. Definition of rape(p. 269)
• B. Statutory rape(p. 274)
• IX. Kidnapping(p. 274)
• A. Definition of kidnapping(p. 274)
• Chapter 9 Theft Crimes and other Crimes Against Property
• I. Historical Overview(p. 287)
• A. Larceny was judge-made crime(p. 287)
• II. Larceny(p. 288)
• A. Definition(p. 288)
• B. Trespassory taking(p. 288)
• C. Carrying away ("asportation")(p. 292)
• D. Personal property of another(p. 293)
• E. Property of another(p. 294)
• F. Intent to steal(p. 294)
• G. Degrees of larceny(p. 297)
• III. Embezzlement(p. 298)
• A. Definition(p. 298)
• B. Need for embezzlement crime(p. 298)
• C. Conversion(p. 298)
• D. Property of another(p. 298)
• E. By one in lawful possession(p. 300)
• F. Fraudulent taking(p. 301)
• IV. False Pretenses(p. 302)
• A. Definition(p. 302)
• B. Need for crime(p. 302)
• C. False representation of present or past fact(p. 303)
• D. Reliance(p. 304)
• E. Passing of title(p. 304)
• F. Property of another(p. 305)
• G. Defendant's mental state(p. 306)
• H. Defenses(p. 306)
• I. Crimes related to false pretenses(p. 307)
• V. Consolidation of Theft Crimes(p. 307)
• VI. Receiving Stolen Property(p. 308)
• VII. Burglary(p. 309)
• A. Common-law burglary(p. 309)
• B. Breaking(p. 309)
• C. Entry(p. 309)
• D. Dwelling of another(p. 310)
• E. Nighttime(p. 310)
• F. Intent to commit a felony(p. 310)
• VIII. Robbery(p. 310)
• A. Definition of robbery(p. 310)
• B. From the person or presence of owner(p. 310)
• C. Use of violence or intimidation(p. 310)
• D. Aggravated robbery(p. 311)
• IX. Arson(p. 311)
• A. Nature of offense(p. 311)
• X. Blackmail and Extortion(p. 312)
• A. Nature of offense(p. 312)
• B. Nature of threat(p. 312)
• C. Attempt to recover property(p. 312)
• Essay Exam Questions and Answers(p. 325)
• Multiple Choice Questions and Answers(p. 335)
• Table of Model Penal Code References(p. 351)
• Table of Cases(p. 353)
• Subject Matter Index(p. 357)