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Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control is the fourth edition of a best-selling introductory level book dealing with chemical and radioactive pollution in its broadest sense. The scope of the book ranges from the sources of pollutants and their environmental behaviour, to their effects on human and non-human receptors, to the technologies and strategies available for control.The fourth edition has been wholly revised and updated from the previous edition due to the rapid pace of developments in this field. Topics covered include chemical pollution of freshwater and marine environments, drinking water quality, water pollution biology, sewage and its treatment, toxic wastes, air pollution and atmospheric chemistry, control of pollutant emissions, land contamination, solid waste management, clean technologies, persistent organic pollutants in the environment, environmental radioactivity, health effects of environmental chemicals, legal control of pollution and integrated pollution control. There is a completely new chapter on Clean Technologies and Industrial Ecology, reflecting the growing importance of pollution prevention as opposed to end-of-pipe solutions.Whilst originally intended as an introductory reference work for professionals within the field, the book has been widely adopted for teaching purposes at the undergraduate and postgraduate level.

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• Chapter 1 Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its Control(p. 1)
• 1.1 Introduction(p. 1)
• 1.2 Pollution Control Philosophy(p. 2)
• 1.3 Regulation of Direct Discharges(p. 5)
• 1.4 Regulation of Diffuse Sources(p. 15)
• 1.5 Alternative Control Procedures(p. 21)
• 1.6 Case Studies(p. 23)
• 1.7 Conclusions(p. 30)
• 1.8 References(p. 30)
• Chapter 2 Chemistry and Pollution of the Marine Environment(p. 32)
• 2.1 Introduction(p. 32)
• 2.2 General Features of the Oceanic Environment(p. 33)
• 2.3 Sources, Movements and Behaviour of Individual Pollutants or Classes of Pollutant(p. 36)
• 2.4 Conclusions(p. 55)
• 2.5 References(p. 56)
• Chapter 3 Drinking Water Quality and Health(p. 59)
• 3.1 Introduction(p. 59)
• 3.2 Drinking Water Sources(p. 60)
• 3.3 Drinking Water Treatment(p. 61)
• 3.4 Sources of Contamination(p. 62)
• 3.5 Drinking Water Standards(p. 63)
• 3.6 Microbiological Quality(p. 64)
• 3.7 Chemical Contaminants(p. 67)
• 3.8 Conclusions(p. 78)
• 3.9 References(p. 80)
• Chapter 4 Water Pollution Biology(p. 82)
• 4.1 Introduction(p. 82)
• 4.2 Organic Pollution(p. 84)
• 4.3 Eutrophication(p. 87)
• 4.4 Acidification(p. 92)
• 4.5 Toxic Chemicals(p. 96)
• 4.6 Thermal Pollution(p. 101)
• 4.7 Radioactivity(p. 103)
• 4.8 Oil(p. 104)
• 4.9 Biological Monitoring of Pollution in Freshwaters(p. 105)
• 4.10 Conclusions(p. 108)
• 4.11 References(p. 110)
• Chapter 5 Sewage and Sewage Sludge Treatment(p. 113)
• 5.1 Introduction(p. 113)
• 5.2 Sewage Treatment Processes(p. 117)
• 5.3 Sludge Treatment and Disposal(p. 133)
• 5.4 References(p. 143)
• Chapter 6 The Treatment of Toxic Wastes(p. 145)
• 6.1 Introduction(p. 145)
• 6.2 Sources and Types of Toxic Wastes(p. 146)
• 6.3 Toxicity Problems in the Collection System(p. 148)
• 6.4 Pre-treatment of Toxic Wastes(p. 148)
• 6.5 Primary and Secondary Treatment(p. 152)
• 6.6 Passive Treatment(p. 156)
• 6.7 Sludge Treatment and Disposal(p. 157)
• 6.8 Disposal of Toxic Wastes(p. 158)
• 6.9 Industrial Waste Treatment--Case Studies(p. 160)
• 6.10 References(p. 167)
• Chapter 7 Air Pollution: Sources, Concentrations and Measurements(p. 169)
• 7.1 Introduction(p. 169)
• 7.2 Specific Air Pollutants(p. 170)
• 7.3 Air Quality Management(p. 188)
• 7.4 Indoor Air Quality(p. 191)
• 7.5 Appendix(p. 191)
• 7.6 References(p. 192)
• Chapter 8 Chemistry and Climate Change in the Troposphere(p. 194)
• 8.1 Introduction(p. 194)
• 8.2 Atmospheric Chemical Transformations(p. 199)
• 8.3 Atmospheric Oxidants(p. 200)
• 8.4 Atmospheric Acids(p. 207)
• 8.5 Atmospheric Bases(p. 211)
• 8.6 Atmospheric Aerosols and Rainwater(p. 212)
• 8.7 Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change(p. 216)
• 8.8 References(p. 218)
• Chapter 9 Chemistry and Pollution of the Stratosphere(p. 220)
• 9.1 Introduction(p. 220)
• 9.2 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry(p. 223)
• 9.3 Natural Sources of Trace Gases(p. 231)
• 9.4 Anthropogenic Sources of Trace Gases(p. 232)
• 9.5 Antarctic Ozone(p. 234)
• 9.6 Arctic Ozone(p. 238)
• 9.7 Mid-latitude Ozone(p. 239)
• 9.8 Global Modelling of Ozone(p. 240)
• 9.9 Legislation(p. 242)
• 9.10 Summary(p. 243)
• 9.11 References(p. 244)
• Chapter 10 Atmospheric Dispersal of Pollutants and the Modelling of Air Pollution(p. 246)
• 10.1 Introduction(p. 246)
• 10.2 Dispersion and Transport in the Atmosphere(p. 247)
• 10.3 Modelling of Air Pollution Dispersion(p. 252)
• 10.4 References(p. 266)
• Chapter 11 The Health Effects of Air Pollution(p. 268)
• 11.1 Introduction(p. 268)
• 11.2 Studying the Health Effects of Air Pollution(p. 271)
• 11.3 Health Effects of Particulate Matter(p. 275)
• 11.4 Health Effects of Sulfur Dioxide(p. 278)
• 11.5 Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide(p. 280)
• 11.6 Health Effects of Ozone(p. 282)
• 11.7 Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide(p. 284)
• 11.8 Air Pollution and Cancer(p. 286)
• 11.9 Conclusions(p. 289)
• 11.10 Suggestions for Further Reading(p. 290)
• 11.11 References(p. 290)
• Chapter 12 Impacts of Gaseous Pollutants on Crops, Trees and Ecosystems(p. 296)
• 12.1 Introduction(p. 296)
• 12.2 Current Knowledge of the Mechanism of Action of Some Major Air Pollutants(p. 299)
• 12.3 Interactions Between Pollutants(p. 310)
• 12.4 Pollutant/Stress Interactions(p. 312)
• 12.5 Air Pollution and Forest Health(p. 321)
• 12.6 Critical Loads and Critical Levels(p. 321)
• 12.7 References(p. 322)
• Chapter 13 Control of Pollutant Emissions From Road Traffic(p. 327)
• 13.1 Introduction(p. 327)
• 13.2 Road Transport Emissions(p. 330)
• 13.3 Fuel Choice and Emissions(p. 331)
• 13.4 Controlling Emissions(p. 336)
• 13.5 Exhaust After-treatment(p. 341)
• 13.6 Fuel Quality(p. 346)
• 13.7 Effect of Technology on PM Emissions(p. 349)
• 13.8 References(p. 350)
• Chapter 14 Soil Pollution and Land Contamination(p. 352)
• 14.1 Introduction(p. 352)
• 14.2 Soil Pollutants and their Sources(p. 353)
• 14.3 Transport Mechanisms Conveying Pollutants to Soils(p. 360)
• 14.4 The Nature and Properties of Soils Related to the Behaviour of Pollutants(p. 360)
• 14.5 The Consequences of Soil Pollution(p. 366)
• 14.6 Case Studies of Contaminated Industrial Land(p. 372)
• 14.7 Conclusions(p. 375)
• 14.8 References(p. 376)
• Chapter 15 Solid Waste Management(p. 378)
• 15.1 Introduction(p. 378)
• 15.2 An Integrated Approach to Waste Management(p. 379)
• 15.3 Technical Options for Waste Prevention and Recycling(p. 381)
• 15.4 Policy Options to Make Waste Prevention and Recycling Work in Practice(p. 384)
• 15.5 Bulk Waste Reduction Technologies and Final Disposal(p. 395)
• 15.6 Integrated Waste Management Strategies(p. 402)
• 15.7 Conclusions(p. 409)
• 15.8 References(p. 409)
• Chapter 16 Clean Technologies and Industrial Ecology(p. 411)
• 16.1 Introduction: Changing Paradigms(p. 411)
• 16.2 Environmental System Analysis(p. 412)
• 16.3 Clean Technology(p. 422)
• 16.4 Industrial Ecology(p. 431)
• 16.5 Conclusions: Clean Technology and Sustainable Development(p. 441)
• 16.6 References(p. 441)
• Chapter 17 The Environmental Behaviour of Persistent Organic Pollutants(p. 445)
• 17.1 Introduction(p. 445)
• 17.2 Adverse Effects(p. 451)
• 17.3 Measurement Techniques(p. 455)
• 17.4 Sources(p. 459)
• 17.5 Important Physicochemical Properties and Their Influence on Environmental Behaviour(p. 466)
• 17.6 Modelling Environmental Behaviour(p. 470)
• 17.7 References(p. 472)
• Chapter 18 Radioactivity in the Environment(p. 474)
• 18.1 Introduction(p. 474)
• 18.2 Radiation and Radioactivity(p. 474)
• 18.3 Biological Effects of Radiation(p. 483)
• 18.4 Natural Radioactivity(p. 484)
• 18.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity(p. 487)
• 18.6 Pollution from Nuclear Weapons Explosions(p. 487)
• 18.7 Pollution from Electric Power Generation Plant and Other Nuclear Reactors(p. 489)
• 18.8 Pollution from Non-nuclear Processes(p. 497)
• 18.9 Bibliography(p. 498)
• Chapter 19 Health Effects of Environmental Chemicals(p. 500)
• 19.1 Introduction(p. 500)
• 19.2 Catastrophic Exposure(p. 501)
• 19.3 Localized Contamination Incidents(p. 503)
• 19.4 Generalized Environmental Pollution(p. 510)
• 19.5 Conclusions(p. 519)
• 19.6 References(p. 520)
• Chapter 20 The Legal Control of Pollution(p. 524)
• 20.1 The Function of Law in Relation to Pollution(p. 524)
• 20.2 Sources of Law(p. 526)
• 20.3 The Role of Civil Remedies(p. 532)
• 20.4 Three Legal Models of Pollution Regulation(p. 534)
• 20.5 Trends and Issues in Pollution Legislation(p. 540)
• 20.6 References(p. 546)
• Chapter 21 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(p. 548)
• 21.1 Introduction(p. 548)
• 21.2 Integrated Pollution Control - IPC - in Theory(p. 549)
• 21.3 IPC in Practice(p. 555)
• 21.4 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control--What Price the Extra P?(p. 559)
• 21.5 Conclusions(p. 561)
• 21.6 References(p. 562)
• Subject Index(p. 563)