Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

The second edition of Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds incorporates the latest advances in in-situ remediation and natural attenuation, and maintains the comprehensive, accessible structure that made the first edition a classic.

The new edition broadens the scope of the first by examining all forms of hydrocarbon contamination. The authors emphasize the remediation of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) and, Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs). They also address the growing role of natural attenuation.

The second edition opens with an improved introduction. There are new sections on site characterization, remediation economics and site closure. And unlike other books on this subject, the new edition offers vital managerial and project management guidance, such as, initial project planning and assessment, a look at remediation economics, and a how-to on project closure and follow-up.

Since its initial publication in 1991, Restoration of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Aquifers has been the established, invaluable reference for environmental professionals and regulators. Its sweeping, yet approachable format is inestimable in the field, in the lab, and in the policy-making arena. Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds will continue to be the guide to the war against petroleum contamination.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Use in Society(p. 1)
• 1.2 The Use of Organic Compounds in Society(p. 7)
• 1.3 The Role of the Professional Environmentalist(p. 8)
• 1.3.1 The Role of the Environmental Geologist(p. 9)
• 1.3.2 The Role of the Environmental Engineer(p. 10)
• 1.4 Defining the Environmental Challenge(p. 11)
• References(p. 13)
• Chapter 2 Regulatory Framework
• 2.1 Introduction(p. 15)
• 2.2 Agency Responsibilities(p. 18)
• 2.2.1 Environmental Protection Agency(p. 18)
• 2.2.2 Department of Transportation(p. 19)
• 2.2.3 Other Federal Agencies(p. 19)
• 2.2.4 State Agencies(p. 20)
• 2.3 The Federal Regulatory Process(p. 20)
• 2.4 Pertinent Federal Regulations(p. 21)
• 2.4.1 National Environmental Policy Act(p. 21)
• 2.4.2 Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures(p. 21)
• 2.4.3 Safe Drinking Water Act(p. 21)
• 2.4.3.1 Drinking Water Standards(p. 23)
• 2.4.3.2 Underground Injection Control Program(p. 23)
• 2.4.3.3 Sole Source Aquifers(p. 24)
• 2.4.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(p. 25)
• 2.4.4.1 Treatment, Disposal, and Storage Facilities(p. 25)
• 2.4.4.2 Underground Storage Tanks(p. 26)
• 2.4.5 Clean Water Act(p. 28)
• 2.4.5.1 Storm Water Permitting Program(p. 29)
• 2.4.6 Toxic Substance Control Act(p. 29)
• 2.4.7 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act(p. 30)
• 2.4.8 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(p. 31)
• 2.4.9 Pipeline Safety Act(p. 31)
• 2.5 State Programs and Regulations(p. 32)
• 2.5.1 Voluntary Cleanup Programs(p. 32)
• 2.5.2 Brownfield Initiative(p. 32)
• 2.5.3 Underground and Aboveground Storage Tanks Program(p. 33)
• 2.5.4 State Programs Affecting the Petroleum Refining Industry(p. 35)
• 2.6 Risk-Based Corrective Action or "Rebecca"(p. 36)
• References (p. 37)
• Chapter 3 Hydrogeologic Principles
• 3.1 Introduction(p. 41)
• 3.2 Porosity, Permeability, and Diagenesis(p. 42)
• 3.3 Sedimentary Sequences and Facies Architecture(p. 46)
• 3.3.1 Hydrogeologic Facies(p. 48)
• 3.3.2 Hydrostratigraphic Models(p. 49)
• 3.3.3 Sequence Stratigraphy(p. 50)
• 3.4 Structural Style(p. 51)
• 3.5 The Flux Equation(p. 53)
• 3.5.1 Darcy's Law(p. 54)
• 3.5.2 Fick's Law(p. 55)
• 3.5.3 Gases and Vapors(p. 55)
• 3.6 Saturated Systems(p. 56)
• 3.6.1 Types of Aquifers(p. 63)
• 3.6.2 Steady-State Flow(p. 68)
• 3.6.3 Nonsteady Flow(p. 77)
• 3.7 Unsaturated Systems(p. 77)
• References(p. 85)
• Chapter 4 Hydrocarbon Chemistry
• 4.1 Introduction(p. 89)
• 4.2 Defining Petroleum(p. 90)
• 4.3 Hydrocarbon Structure(p. 90)
• 4.4 Hydrocarbon Products(p. 97)
• 4.4.1 Refining Processes(p. 97)
• 4.4.1.1 Separation(p. 97)
• 4.4.1.2 Conversion(p. 101)
• 4.4.1.3 Treatment(p. 102)
• 4.5 Degradation Processes(p. 102)
• 4.6 Forensic Chemistry(p. 104)
• 4.6.1 API Gravity(p. 106)
• 4.6.2 Distillation Curves(p. 107)
• 4.6.3 Trace Metals Analysis(p. 109)
• 4.6.4 Gas Chromatography Fingerprinting(p. 110)
• 4.6.4.1 Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons(p. 110)
• 4.6.4.2 C[superscript 8+] Alkane Gas Chromatography(p. 114)
• 4.6.4.3 Aromatic-Range Hydrocarbons(p. 114)
• 4.6.4.4 Higher-Range Petroleum Fractions(p. 115)
• 4.6.5 Isotope Fingerprinting(p. 118)
• 4.7 Age Dating of NAPL Pools and Dissolved Hydrocarbon Plumes(p. 122)
• 4.7.1 Radioisotope Age Dating Techniques(p. 124)
• 4.7.2 Changes in Configuration of Plume over Time(p. 125)
• 4.7.3 Changes in Concentrations over Time(p. 126)
• 4.7.4 Degradation Rates(p. 127)
• 4.7.5 Changes in Concentration of Two Contaminants over Time(p. 127)
• References(p. 128)
• Chapter 5 Fate and Transport
• 5.1 Introduction(p. 131)
• 5.2 NAPL Characteristics and Subsurface Behavior(p. 132)
• 5.3 Subsurface Processes(p. 138)
• 5.3.1 Volatilization(p. 139)
• 5.3.2 Sorption(p. 143)
• 5.3.3 Advection, Dispersion, and Diffusion(p. 145)
• 5.4 Occurrence and Flow of Immiscible Liquids(p. 148)
• 5.4.1 The Unsaturated Zone (above the Water Table)(p. 148)
• 5.4.1.1 Water Flow through the Unsaturated Zone(p. 148)
• 5.4.1.2 Multiphase Fluid Flow in the Unsaturated Zone(p. 150)
• 5.4.1.3 Saturation Volumes(p. 152)
• 5.4.1.4 NAPL Migration(p. 153)
• 5.4.1.5 Three Phase--Two Immiscible Liquids and Air in the Unsaturated Zone(p. 154)
• 5.4.2 The Saturated Zone (below the Water Table)(p. 159)
• 5.4.2.1 Steady-State Saturated Flow--Single Fluid(p. 159)
• 5.4.2.2 Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids(p. 160)
• 5.4.2.3 Dispersion from NAPL to Solution(p. 161)
• References(p. 162)
• Chapter 6 NAPL Subsurface Characterization
• 6.1 Introduction(p. 167)
• 6.2 Field Methods for Subsurface NAPL Detection(p. 168)
• 6.2.1 Monitoring Well Installation and Design(p. 168)
• 6.2.2 NAPL Detection Methods(p. 168)
• 6.3 Apparent vs. Actual NAPL Thickness(p. 171)
• 6.3.1 LNAPL Apparent vs. Actual Thickness(p. 171)
• 6.3.2 DNAPL Apparent vs. Actual Thickness(p. 177)
• 6.4 Apparent vs. Actual LNAPL Thickness Determination(p. 178)
• 6.4.1 Indirect Empirical Approach(p. 178)
• 6.4.2 Direct Field Approach(p. 186)
• 6.4.2.1 Bailer Test(p. 186)
• 6.4.2.2 Continuous Core Analysis(p. 187)
• 6.4.2.3 Test Pit Method(p. 187)
• 6.4.2.4 Baildown Test(p. 187)
• 6.4.2.5 Recovery Well Recharge Test(p. 190)
• 6.4.2.6 Dielectric Well Logging Tool(p. 191)
• 6.4.2.7 Optoelectronic Sensor(p. 191)
• 6.5 Volume Determination(p. 191)
• 6.6 Recoverability(p. 196)
• 6.6.1 Residual Hydrocarbon(p. 196)
• 6.6.2 Relative Permeability(p. 197)
• 6.6.3 LNAPL Transmissivity(p. 199)
• 6.6.4 Other Factors(p. 200)
• 6.7 Time Frame for NAPL Recovery(p. 200)
• References(p. 202)
• Chapter 7 Remedial Technologies for NAPLs
• 7.1 Introduction(p. 209)
• 7.2 Passive Systems(p. 212)
• 7.2.1 Linear Interception(p. 212)
• 7.2.1.1 Trenches(p. 212)
• 7.2.1.2 Funnel and Gate Technology(p. 213)
• 7.2.1.3 Hydraulic Underflow and Skimmer(p. 214)
• 7.2.2 Density Skimmers(p. 215)
• 7.3 Active Systems(p. 215)
• 7.3.1 Well-Point Systems(p. 216)
• 7.3.2 Vacuum-Enhanced Suction-Lift Well-Point System(p. 219)
• 7.3.3 One-Pump System(p. 224)
• 7.3.3.1 Submersible Turbine Pumps(p. 225)
• 7.3.3.2 Positive Displacement Pumps(p. 227)
• 7.3.3.3 Pneumatic Skimmer Pumps(p. 227)
• 7.3.4 Two-Pump System(p. 228)
• 7.3.5 Other Recovery Systems(p. 230)
• 7.3.5.1 Timed Bailers(p. 230)
• 7.3.5.2 Rope and Belt Skimmers(p. 230)
• 7.3.5.3 Vapor Extraction and Biodegradation(p. 232)
• 7.3.5.4 Air Sparging(p. 232)
• 7.3.5.5 Bioslurping(p. 234)
• 7.4 Coproduced Water-Handling Considerations(p. 235)
• 7.5 DNAPL Recovery Strategies(p. 237)
• 7.5.1 Surfactants(p. 237)
• 7.5.2 Thermally Enhanced Extraction (Steam Injection)(p. 237)
• 7.5.3 Cosolvent Flooding(p. 238)
• 7.5.4 Density Manipulations(p. 238)
• References(p. 238)
• Chapter 8 Handling of Coproduced Water
• 8.1 Introduction(p. 241)
• 8.2 Oil-Water Separation(p. 242)
• 8.2.1 Gravity Separation(p. 242)
• 8.2.2 Dissolved Air Flotation(p. 242)
• 8.2.3 Chemical Coagulation-Flocculation and Sedimentation(p. 243)
• 8.2.4 Coalescers(p. 243)
• 8.2.5 Membrane Processes(p. 244)
• 8.2.6 Biological Processes(p. 244)
• 8.2.7 Carbon Adsorption(p. 244)
• 8.3 Removal of Inorganics(p. 244)
• 8.4 Removal of Organics(p. 245)
• 8.4.1 Air Stripping(p. 245)
• 8.4.2 Carbon Adsorption(p. 246)
• 8.4.3 Biological Treatment(p. 249)
• 8.5 Treatment Trains(p. 251)
• 8.6 Cost Comparisons(p. 252)
• 8.6.1 Alternative 1(p. 252)
• 8.6.2 Alternative 2(p. 253)
• 8.6.3 Alternative 3(p. 253)
• 8.7 Disposal Options(p. 255)
• 8.7.1 Surface Discharge(p. 255)
• 8.7.2 Site Reuse(p. 255)
• 8.7.3 Reinjection(p. 256)
• 8.7.3.1 Regulatory Aspects(p. 256)
• 8.7.3.2 Zones of Reinjection(p. 256)
• 8.7.3.3 Injection Well Construction(p. 257)
• 8.7.3.4 Well Design(p. 258)
• 8.7.3.5 Injection Well Operations(p. 260)
• References(p. 262)
• Chapter 9 Remediation Strategies for Dissolved Contaminant Plumes
• 9.1 Introduction(p. 265)
• 9.2 Pump-and-Treat Technology(p. 266)
• 9.3 Air Sparging(p. 271)
• 9.3.1 Applications(p. 272)
• 9.3.2 Field Testing(p. 275)
• 9.3.3 Limitations(p. 275)
• 9.4 In Situ Groundwater Bioremediation(p. 276)
• 9.4.1 Site Characteristics That Control Aquifer Bioremediation(p. 279)
• 9.4.1.1 Hydraulic Conductivity(p. 279)
• 9.4.1.2 Soil Structure and Stratification(p. 279)
• 9.4.1.3 Groundwater Mineral Content(p. 280)
• 9.4.1.4 Groundwater pH(p. 280)
• 9.4.1.5 Groundwater Temperature(p. 280)
• 9.4.1.6 Microbial Presence(p. 281)
• 9.4.2 Bench-Scale Testing(p. 281)
• 9.4.3 Pilot Studies(p. 282)
• 9.4.4 Groundwater Modeling(p. 283)
• 9.4.5 System Design(p. 283)
• 9.4.5.1 Estimates of Electron Acceptor and Nutrient Requirements(p. 284)
• 9.4.5.2 Well Placement(p. 284)
• 9.4.5.3 Electron Acceptor and Nutrient Addition(p. 285)
• 9.4.5.4 System Controls and Alarms(p. 286)
• 9.5 Start-up Operations(p. 286)
• 9.6 Operational Monitoring(p. 287)
• 9.7 Remedial Progress Monitoring(p. 287)
• 9.8 Long-Term Observations(p. 287)
• References(p. 288)
• Chapter 10 Treatment of Impacted Soil in the Vadose Zone
• 10.1 Introduction(p. 291)
• 10.2 In Situ Solidification/Stabilization(p. 292)
• 10.3 Soil Vapor Extraction(p. 298)
• 10.4 Air Sparging(p. 301)
• 10.5 Steam Injection and Hot Air Stripping(p. 303)
• 10.6 Soil Washing(p. 306)
• 10.6.1 Leaching in Place(p. 306)
• 10.6.2 Leaching Aboveground(p. 306)
• 10.7 Bioventing(p. 307)
• 10.8 Bioremediation(p. 309)
• 10.9 Natural Attenuation(p. 310)
• 10.10 Other Technologies(p. 310)
• 10.10.1 Vacuum-Vaporized Well(p. 310)
• 10.10.2 Hydrofracturing Enhancement(p. 313)
• 10.10.3 Electrochemical(p. 314)
• 10.10.4 Vitrification and Electrical Heating(p. 314)
• 10.11 SVE Case Histories(p. 314)
• 10.11.1 Case History Example 1(p. 314)
• 10.11.2 Case History Example 2(p. 317)
• References(p. 324)
• Chapter 11 Economic Considerations for Aquifer Restoration
• 11.1 Introduction(p. 329)
• 11.2 Impacted Soil Considerations(p. 331)
• 11.2.1 Lateral and Vertical Distribution(p. 331)
• 11.2.2 Contaminant Type(p. 332)
• 11.2.3 Time Frame(p. 332)
• 11.2.4 Regulatory Climate(p. 333)
• 11.3 LNAPL Recovery(p. 333)
• 11.3.1 Preliminary Considerations(p. 334)
• 11.3.2 Economics of LNAPL Recovery(p. 335)
• 11.3.3 Project Planning and Management(p. 338)
• 11.3.4 Estimating Reserves(p. 338)
• 11.3.5 Other Factors(p. 342)
• 11.4 Dissolved Hydrocarbons in Groundwater Considerations(p. 342)
• 11.4.1 Lateral and Vertical Distribution(p. 342)
• 11.4.2 Contaminant Type(p. 343)
• 11.4.3 Economics and Time Frames(p. 344)
• 11.4.4 Site Closure(p. 346)
• 11.4.5 Air Sparging Pilot Study Case History(p. 347)
• 11.5 Regulatory Climate(p. 348)
• References(p. 350)
• Chapter 12 LNAPL Recovery Case Histories
• 12.1 Introduction(p. 353)
• 12.2 Vacuum-Enhanced Suction-Lift Well-Point System(p. 353)
• 12.3 Rope Skimming System(p. 359)
• 12.4 Vacuum-Enhanced Eductor System(p. 366)
• 12.5 Combined One- and Two-Pump System with Reinjection(p. 369)
• 12.6 Importance of Lithofacies Control to LNAPL Occurrence and Recovery Strategy(p. 378)
• 12.7 Regional Long-Term Strategy for LNAPL Recovery(p. 383)
• 12.7.1 Regulatory Framework(p. 383)
• 12.7.2 Hydrogeologic Setting(p. 387)
• 12.7.3 LNAPL Occurrence(p. 390)
• 12.7.4 LNAPL Hydrocarbon Recovery(p. 391)
• 12.7.5 Regional Long-Term Remediation Strategy(p. 391)
• References(p. 394)
• Chapter 13 Site Closure
• 13.1 Introduction(p. 395)
• 13.2 Biological Degradation(p. 396)
• 13.2.1 Aerobic Reactions(p. 397)
• 13.2.2 Anaerobic Reactions(p. 398)
• 13.2.3 Fermentation and Methane Formation(p. 399)
• 13.2.4 Intermediate and Alternate Reaction Products(p. 399)
• 13.2.5 Biodegradation Rates(p. 399)
• 13.3 Natural Biodegradation(p. 405)
• 13.4 Enhanced Biorestoration(p. 407)
• 13.5 Field Procedures(p. 407)
• 13.6 Natural Attenuation as a Remedial Strategy(p. 410)
• 13.7 Evaluation of Parameters(p. 411)
• 13.7.1 Hydrogeologic Factors(p. 412)
• 13.7.2 Chemical Characteristics(p. 414)
• 13.7.3 Biological Characteristics(p. 415)
• 13.7.4 Circumstantial Factors(p. 416)
• 13.8 Case Histories(p. 416)
• 13.8.1 Natural Attenuation of Diesel-Range Hydrocarbons in Soil(p. 416)
• 13.8.2 Natural Attenuation of Asymptotic Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons in Groundwater(p. 419)
• 13.8.3 Natural Attenuation of Elevated Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons in Groundwater(p. 422)
• References(p. 423)
• Appendixes
• Appendix A API Gravity and Corresponding Weights and Pressure at 60[degree]F(p. 427)
• Appendix B Specific Gravity Corresponding to API Gravity(p. 429)
• Appendix C Viscosity and Specific Gravity of Common Petroleum Products(p. 431)
• Appendix D Viscosity Conversion Table(p. 434)
• Index(p. 435)

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