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An examination of debt recovery in the South Asian countries of India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. These countries have been chosen for different reasons: India, because it is one of the largest emerging economies in Asia; Sri Lanka, because of its legal system, which is a blend of common law and Roman Dutch legal concepts; and Malaysia, on account of the significant economic progress it has made through the adoption of a special socio-governmental approach.

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• Preface(p. ix)
• Table of Cases(p. xi)
• Malaysia(p. xi)
• India(p. xii)
• Sri Lanka(p. xiii)
• United Kingdom(p. xiii)
• Other(p. xiv)
• 1 Introduction(p. 1)
• Economic and Financial Development--Policy Issues(p. 1)
• Inward Orientated, Closed Controlled Economies(p. 1)
• Outward Looking, Free Market Economies with a Strong Export Orientation(p. 3)
• Hybrid Approach to Economic Development(p. 5)
• Foundations for a Sound Market Economy(p. 6)
• Market Reforms and Good Governance(p. 7)
• Absence of a Market Friendly Legal Environment(p. 12)
• Characteristics of a Market Friendly Legal Environment(p. 13)
• Debt Recovery: Problems(p. 15)
• Debt Recovery in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia(p. 17)
• Scope of this Book(p. 20)
• 2 Credit Allocation and Debt Recovery: The Reform Context(p. 23)
• Introduction(p. 23)
• Major Financial Reforms in India - Post Independence Years(p. 26)
• Social Controls(p. 26)
• Nationalisation of Banks - First Banking Revolution(p. 27)
• Financial Sector Reforms in 1991- Second Banking Revolution(p. 31)
• Salient Features of Financial Reforms in the Banking Sector - Post 1991(p. 35)
• Economic and Financial Reforms in Sri Lanka(p. 40)
• An Open Market Economy: 1948-1956(p. 40)
• Shift Towards a Planned Economy: 1956-1965(p. 41)
• Semi-Planned Economy: 1965-1970(p. 42)
• Inward-Looking, Closed, Controlled Economy: 1970-1977(p. 42)
• Outward-Looking Economy with a Heavy Market Orientation: From 1977(p. 43)
• Economic and Financial Reforms in Malaysia(p. 51)
• Interest Rate Reforms(p. 54)
• Credit Controls(p. 55)
• Institutional Strengthening(p. 56)
• Islamic Banking(p. 57)
• The Central Banks and their Role(p. 58)
• Monetary Instruments(p. 59)
• Conclusion(p. 61)
• 3 Credit Allocation and Loan Supervision(p. 67)
• Introduction(p. 67)
• Credit and Economic Development(p. 67)
• Problems Relating to Credit Allocation(p. 68)
• Credit Appraisal(p. 71)
• "Five C's" in Credit Appraisal(p. 72)
• Credit Appraisal in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia(p. 74)
• Credit Information(p. 76)
• Information Provided by Banks(p. 76)
• Information Provided by Credit Reference Agencies(p. 79)
• Lending Agreements(p. 82)
• Usury and Money Lending Legislation in India(p. 84)
• Usury and Money Lending Legislation in Sri Lanka(p. 85)
• Money Lending Legislation in Malaysia(p. 86)
• Terms of a Loan(p. 87)
• Documentation(p. 88)
• Loan Supervision(p. 93)
• Informal Credit(p. 96)
• Role of Informal Credit and Institutional Credit(p. 97)
• Banking for the Poor(p. 100)
• New Approach to Rural Lending(p. 102)
• Conclusion(p. 105)
• 4 Enforcement of Security(p. 109)
• Introduction(p. 109)
• Range of Available Security in India(p. 112)
• Security Over Immovable Property(p. 112)
• Security Over Movable Property(p. 115)
• Range of Security Available in Sri Lanka(p. 118)
• Immovable Property as Security(p. 119)
• Movable Property as Security(p. 121)
• Range of Available Security in Malaysia(p. 124)
• Security Over Immovable Property(p. 125)
• Security Over Movables(p. 128)
• Enforcement of Security in India(p. 130)
• Enforcement of Mortgage Security Under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882(p. 130)
• Power of Extra-Judicial Sale(p. 133)
• Enforcement of Rights Under a Pledge or Hypothecation(p. 134)
• Receivership Under the Companies Act, 1956(p. 135)
• Enforcement of Security in Sri Lanka(p. 136)
• Parate Execution Under the Recovery of Loans by Banks (Special Provisions) Act, 1990(p. 137)
• Enforcement of Mortgage Security Under the Mortgage Act, 1949(p. 138)
• Receivership Under the Companies Act, 1982(p. 140)
• Enforcement of Security in Malaysia(p. 140)
• Enforcement of Real Property Security Under the National Land Code, 1950(p. 140)
• Enforcement of a Pledge(p. 142)
• Appointing of a Receiver Under the Companies Act, 1965(p. 143)
• Problems of Enforcing Security(p. 144)
• Industrial Sickness in India(p. 144)
• Power of Extra Judicial Sale Under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882(p. 147)
• Enforcing a Hypothecation in India(p. 148)
• The Sri Lankan Recovery of Loans by Banks (Special Provisions) Act No. 4 of 1990(p. 149)
• Restriction on Receiver's Powers in Malaysia(p. 151)
• Muslim Culture in Malaysia(p. 154)
• Conclusion(p. 154)
• 5 Recovery Through the Courts(p. 158)
• Introduction(p. 158)
• Ordinary Actions in India and Sri Lanka(p. 159)
• Ordinary Actions in Malaysia(p. 163)
• Summary Procedure(p. 166)
• Summary Procedure in India and Sri Lanka(p. 167)
• Summary Procedure in Malaysia(p. 170)
• Debt Recovery Suits Filed Under Special Legislation(p. 172)
• The Indian Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993(p. 173)
• The Sri Lankan Debt Recovery (Special Provisions) Act No. 2 of 1990(p. 177)
• Winding Up in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia(p. 180)
• Receivership in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia(p. 185)
• Delays in the Courts(p. 187)
• Causes of Delay and Backlog of Cases(p. 189)
• Conclusion(p. 197)
• 6 Final Observations and Recommendations(p. 203)
• Tensions Between Market Reforms and the Law(p. 203)
• Greater Access to Foreign Lenders(p. 204)
• Protecting the Rights of Creditors(p. 205)
• A Modern Insolvency Law(p. 207)
• Lending and Security(p. 211)
• Law and Practice of Credit Allocation and Debt Recovery(p. 212)
• Credit Allocation and Debt Recovery: The Reform Context(p. 212)
• Credit Allocation and Loan Supervision(p. 214)
• Enforcement of Security(p. 216)
• Debt Recovery Through the Courts(p. 220)
• Conclusions(p. 224)
• Bibliography(p. 227)