Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

Graphs and Excel-based problems appear throughout the book and are supported by user-friendly templates on the accompanying CD.
* Study questions and problems appear every few pages throughout the book. These questions are followed by answers.
* Enke's book is organized by differentiating characteristics rather than by techniques.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Chapter 1 Chemical Analysis, What, Who, and Why(p. 1)
• A. Chemical Quantites(p. 2)
• Units Involved in the Expression of Amount(p. 2)
• B. The Differentiating Characteristic(p. 4)
• Devising a Probe for the Differentiating Characteristic(p. 4)
• Anticipating the REsponse to the Probe(p. 5)
• Measuring the Response to the Probe(p. 5)
• C. Quantitation(p. 6)
• Assessing Errors and Interferences(p. 6)
• D. Detection(p. 7)
• Assessing Confidence in the Results(p. 7)
• E. Identification(p. 8)
• Identification by Deductive Reasoning(p. 9)
• "Analyze This for Me!"(p. 9)
• F. Separation(p. 10)
• Single-Step Separation(p. 10)
• Separation by Dispersion(p. 11)
• G. Chemical Analysis in Science and Society(p. 12)
• Challenges and Rewards(p. 12)
• The Evolution of Chemical Analysis(p. 12)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 13)
• Chapter 2 The Elements of Measurement(p. 15)
• A. Measurement, Interpretation, and Observation(p. 15)
• Measurements and Interpretations(p. 16)
• Information from Sets of Measurement Data(p. 16)
• Sources of Measurement Numbers(p. 16)
• Measurement Qualities(p. 16)
• B. Elements of Measurement Systems(p. 18)
• Conversion Devices(p. 18)
• Input/Output Relationships(p. 19)
• C. Examples of Measurement Systems(p. 20)
• The Analog Thermometer(p. 20)
• The Ammeter(p. 20)
• The Analog Clock(p. 22)
• pH Paper(p. 23)
• D. Characteristics of Scalar Readouts(p. 24)
• Linear Scales(p. 24)
• Scalar Readout Characteristics(p. 25)
• Interpolation Errors(p. 25)
• Verniers(p. 25)
• Scales in Arcs or Circles(p. 26)
• E. Volume-to-Length Converters(p. 26)
• The Graduated Cylinder(p. 27)
• Scale Indication by Liquid Level(p. 27)
• The Buret(p. 27)
• The Volumetric Flask(p. 28)
• The Pipet(p. 28)
• Effects of Temperature on Volumetric Measurements(p. 28)
• F. Characteristics of Digital Readouts(p. 30)
• The Number Register(p. 30)
• The Stepwise form of the Transfer Function(p. 31)
• Range and Resolution(p. 31)
• Measurements Involving ADCs(p. 32)
• The Discrete Nature of the Data(p. 32)
• Stimulus-Response Measurements(p. 33)
• G. Null Measurements and Conversion Devices(p. 34)
• Double-Pan Balance(p. 34)
• Null Measurement Characteristics(p. 35)
• Null Conversion Devices(p. 36)
• The Electronic Analytical Balance(p. 37)
• H. Measurement Accuracy and Precision(p. 39)
• Measures of Precision(p. 39)
• Confidence Intervals(p. 40)
• Significant Figures(p. 42)
• Measurement Precision in Data Processing(p. 42)
• I. Comparing Means and Deviations(p. 45)
• Comparing the Mean with an Accepted Value(p. 45)
• Comparing the Means of Two Data Sets(p. 46)
• Limit of Detection(p. 47)
• Comparing the Deviations of Two Data Sets(p. 48)
• Rejection of Data(p. 48)
• J. Least Squares Method for Linear Plots(p. 51)
• The Straight Line(p. 52)
• Linear Regression(p. 52)
• Precision of the Regression Results(p. 52)
• Precision of Values Calculated from the Working Curve(p. 56)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 58)
• Chapter 3 Acidity, Activity, and pH(p. 61)
• A. Acids, Bases, and Their Reactions(p. 61)
• Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs(p. 61)
• Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases(p. 62)
• Equilibrium Constants(p. 62)
• B. Acids and Bases in Water(p. 64)
• Reactions of Acids with Water(p. 64)
• Relationship Between [H subscript 3 O superscript +] and [OH superscript -] in Water(p. 64)
• Reactions of Bases with Water(p. 66)
• Logarithmic Concentration Expressions(p. 67)
• Other Amphiprotic Solvents(p. 68)
• C. Concentrations, Activities, and pH(p. 70)
• Chemical Potential(p. 70)
• Chemical Activity(p. 72)
• Activity Coefficients(p. 74)
• Mean Ionic Activities(p. 77)
• Activity Coefficients of Neutral Species(p. 77)
• D. Equilibrium Constants(p. 79)
• The Equilibrium State(p. 80)
• Thermodynamic and Formal Equilibrium Constants(p. 80)
• The Effect of Ionic Strength on K'[subscript a](p. 81)
• Using Formal Equilibrium Constants(p. 82)
• E. pH Electrode and the Definition of pH(p. 84)
• The pH Electrode(p. 84)
• pH Standards(p. 85)
• The Definition of pH(p. 85)
• The Measurement of pH(p. 86)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 88)
• Chapter 4 Analysis by Acid--Base Reactivity(p. 90)
• A. Equilibrium Concentrations(p. 90)
• The Fraction of the Conjugate Pair in Each Form(p. 91)
• Solving for [H subscript 3 O superscript +] in Solutions of Acids(p. 92)
• Solving for [H subscript 3 O superscript +] in Solutions of Bases(p. 93)
• B. Exact Equilibrium Expressions(p. 95)
• C. Quantitation by Acid-Base Titration(p. 98)
• Making the Standard Titrant(p. 98)
• Adding Known Volumes of Standard Solution(p. 100)
• Detecting the Response to the Titrant(p. 102)
• Using an Indicator(p. 103)
• Using a pH Meter(p. 105)
• Concentration Effect in Strong Acid-Base Titration(p. 106)
• D. Weak Acids, Weak Bases, and Buffers(p. 109)
• Titration of Weak Acids(p. 109)
• Buffer Solutions(p. 111)
• Titration of Weak Bases(p. 113)
• E. Logarithmic Concentration Plots(p. 115)
• Constructing Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams(p. 116)
• Solving Problems with Log Plots(p. 117)
• Obtaining Titration Curve Points from Log Plots(p. 120)
• F. Quantitation in Polyprotic Systems(p. 124)
• Alpha Plots for Polyprotic Systems(p. 125)
• Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams(p. 127)
• Titration Curves in Polyprotic Systems(p. 128)
• Titrations of Acid Mixtures(p. 130)
• G. Other Analyses by Acid-Base Reaction(p. 133)
• Identification by Acid-Base Reactivity(p. 133)
• Detection by Acid-Base Reactivity(p. 134)
• Separation by Acid-Base Reactivity(p. 134)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 134)
• Chapter 5 Analysis by Absorption of Light(p. 138)
• A. Colored Solutions and White Light(p. 138)
• The Wave Nature of Light(p. 139)
• The Particle Nature of Light(p. 140)
• Sources of Light(p. 140)
• Light Absorbing Solutions(p. 141)
• B. Measuring the Absorption of Light(p. 143)
• Developing the Probe(p. 143)
• Anticipating the Response to the Probe(p. 145)
• Detecting the Response to the Probe(p. 145)
• Obtaining the Fraction of Light Transmitted(p. 146)
• C. Relating Light Absorption to Concentration(p. 148)
• Rationalizing the Working Curve(p. 149)
• The Absorbance-Concentration Relationship(p. 150)
• Calibration of the Working Curve(p. 152)
• D. Instruments for Absorption Measurements(p. 154)
• Photometers(p. 154)
• Spectrometers(p. 156)
• Flow Injection Analysis(p. 157)
• E. The Absorbance Spectrum(p. 161)
• Rationalizing the Absorbance Spectrum(p. 161)
• F. Obtaining an Absorbance Spectrum(p. 164)
• Scanning Spectrometers(p. 164)
• Array Detector Spectrometers(p. 166)
• Fourier Transform Spectrometers(p. 167)
• Attenuated Reflectance Spectroscopy(p. 169)
• G. Spectral Precision and Accuracy(p. 171)
• H. Identification by the Absorption of Light(p. 172)
• Compound Identification by Spectral Matching(p. 173)
• Deduction of Molecular Structure and Composition(p. 174)
• I. Separation by the Absorption of Light(p. 176)
• Mixture Spectra(p. 176)
• Resolution by Simultaneous Equations(p. 176)
• Study Questions, Section I(p. 178)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 179)
• Chapter 6 Analysis by Photon Emission(p. 182)
• A. Photon Excitation of Molecular Species(p. 183)
• Photon Absorption(p. 184)
• Scattering of the Excitation Radiation(p. 184)
• Vibrational Relaxation(p. 185)
• Molecular Fluorescence(p. 186)
• Phosphorescence(p. 187)
• B. Fluorescence and Phosphoresence Spectrometry(p. 188)
• Quantitation(p. 190)
• Excitation and Emission Spectra(p. 192)
• Phosphorescence Measurements(p. 194)
• C. Raman Spectrometry(p. 195)
• D. Excitation from Chemical Reactivity(p. 198)
• Chemiluminescence Measurements(p. 199)
• Chemiluminescence Applications(p. 199)
• E. Thermal Excitation and Atomic Emission(p. 201)
• Flame Excitation(p. 203)
• Plasma Excitation(p. 204)
• Creating the Aerosol(p. 206)
• F. Photon Excitation of Atomic Species(p. 207)
• Flames for use with Photon Excitation(p. 208)
• Furnaces for Sample Atomization(p. 208)
• Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy(p. 208)
• Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(p. 209)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 211)
• Chapter 7 Analysis by Complexation Reactivity(p. 214)
• A. Complexation Reactions(p. 214)
• Bonds Formed in Complexation(p. 215)
• Complexing Species(p. 215)
• Reaction Rates(p. 215)
• B. Equilibrium Concentrations(p. 216)
• Formation of a 1:1 Complex(p. 216)
• Solving for Concentrations in Complexation Systems(p. 218)
• Formation of Higher Order Complexes(p. 220)
• Alpha Plots(p. 220)
• C. The Effect of [H subscript 3 O superscript +] on Complex Equilibria(p. 223)
• Hydrolysis of the Coordination Center(p. 224)
• Hydrolysis of the Ligand(p. 225)
• Hydrolysis of Ligand and Coordination Center(p. 227)
• D. Quantitation by Complexation Titration(p. 230)
• Standard Titrants(p. 230)
• Titration Curves(p. 230)
• Achieving Selectivity with EDTA Titrations(p. 233)
• E. Equivalence Point Detection(p. 235)
• Indicators(p. 235)
• Displacement Titration(p. 236)
• Back Titrations(p. 237)
• Specific Ion Electrodes for Equivalence Point Detection(p. 237)
• Light Absorption for Equivalence Point Detection(p. 237)
• F. Log Concentration Plots(p. 241)
• 1:1 Complex Formation(p. 241)
• Stepwise Complex Formation Systems(p. 243)
• Prediction of Titration Curves(p. 244)
• G. Spot Tests, Test Strips, Flow Injection Analysis and Immunoassays(p. 247)
• Spot Tests(p. 247)
• Test Strips(p. 248)
• Flow Injection Analysis(p. 248)
• Immunoassays(p. 249)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 250)
• Chapter 8 Analysis by Precipitation Reactivity(p. 253)
• A. Precipitation Reactions(p. 253)
• The Equilibrium Expressions(p. 254)
• The Crystallization of Precipitates(p. 255)
• The Nucleation of Precipitates(p. 257)
• B. Equilibrium Concentrations(p. 259)
• Simple Solubility Calculations(p. 259)
• Effect of Hydrolysis on Solubility(p. 259)
• Effect of Complexation on Solubility(p. 261)
• C. Quantitation by Precipitation Titration(p. 262)
• Frequently Used Reactions(p. 243)
• Titration Curves(p. 262)
• Equivalence Point Detection(p. 265)
• D. Logarithmic Concentration Plots(p. 267)
• Unsymmetrical Log Plots(p. 269)
• Estimation of Titration Curves(p. 271)
• E. Separation by Precipitation(p. 275)
• F. Quantitation by Weighing the Precipitate(p. 277)
• G. Spot Tests and Test Strips(p. 279)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 280)
• Chapter 9 Analysis by Electrode Potential(p. 282)
• A. Electron Exchange at Metals(p. 282)
• The Equilibrium Potential Difference(p. 283)
• Metal-Solution Potentials from Two Related Ionic Species(p. 285)
• B. Calculating Redox Equilibrium Electrode Potentials(p. 288)
• Formal and Thermodynamic Standard Potentials(p. 289)
• Relating Redox Concentrations to Equilibrium Potentials(p. 290)
• The pH Dependence of Equilibrium Potentials(p. 290)
• The Hydrogen Electrode(p. 291)
• C. Measurement of Electrode Potentials(p. 293)
• The Necessity of a Reference Electrode(p. 293)
• Calculating the Expected Measurement Voltage(p. 294)
• Relating Electrode Voltage to Activity and Concentration(p. 295)
• Electrodes of the Second Kind(p. 296)
• D. Log Concentration Plots for Redox Couples(p. 298)
• Lines for the Case Where Ox and Red are Dissolved(p. 299)
• Lines for the Case Where Only Ox or Red is Dissolved(p. 299)
• Lines for Secondary Reaction Species(p. 300)
• Using Log Plots for Cell Equilibrium Potentials(p. 300)
• Log Plots of Unsymmetrical Couples(p. 301)
• E. Ion Reactions on Membrane Surfaces(p. 304)
• H[superscript +] Reaction with a Glass Surface(p. 305)
• Calculation of the Interfacial Potential(p. 305)
• Measurement of Interfacial Potential(p. 306)
• Use of the Measured Voltage to Calculate pH(p. 307)
• Transistor Chemical Sensors(p. 307)
• Interfering Electrode Reactions(p. 308)
• Gas-sensing Electrodes(p. 308)
• The Use of Ion-Surface Interactions for Ions Other than H[superscript +](p. 309)
• F. Ion Diffusion Through Porous Membranes(p. 311)
• Development of Electrical Potential Difference(p. 312)
• Measurement of Membrane Potential(p. 312)
• Electrode Types and Interferents(p. 313)
• Liquid Junction Potentials(p. 314)
• The Equivalence of Response Function for all Electrodes(p. 315)
• G. Selectivity and Detection With Electrodes(p. 316)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 316)
• Chapter 10 Analysis by Oxidation--Reduction Reactivity(p. 319)
• A. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions(p. 319)
• Combining Electron Half-Reactions(p. 320)
• Balancing Complete Redox Reactions(p. 321)
• Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions(p. 322)
• Formal and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constants(p. 323)
• B. Equilibrium Concentrations(p. 324)
• Approximation Method for Equilibrium Concentrations(p. 325)
• Algebraic Method for Equilibrium Calculations(p. 326)
• C. Quantitation by Redox Titration(p. 327)
• Titration with Ce(IV)(p. 328)
• Assuring Analyte Oxidation State Before Titration(p. 328)
• Titration Curves(p. 329)
• Multiple Equivalence Point Titrations(p. 331)
• Equivalence Point Detection(p. 332)
• D. Iodine and Thiosulfate(p. 334)
• E. Log Concentration Plots(p. 337)
• Redox Log Plots with a Constant Activity Reactant(p. 338)
• Log Plots with Asymmetry and pH Complications(p. 339)
• The Iodine, Iodide System(p. 340)
• Points on Titration Curves from Log Concentration Plots(p. 341)
• F. Karl Fischer Titration for Water(p. 345)
• G. Quantitation by Electrolytic Redox Reaction(p. 347)
• Electrolytic Reactions(p. 347)
• Coulombs and Moles(p. 349)
• Coulometry(p. 350)
• H. Electrogravimetry(p. 353)
• I. Coulometric Titration(p. 356)
• J. Diffusion-Limited Electrodes(p. 359)
• K. Test Strips, Spot Tests and FIA(p. 361)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 362)
• Chapter 11 Analysis by Interphase Partition(p. 365)
• A. The Liquid-Liquid Interface: Extraction(p. 366)
• B. The Gas-Liquid Interface: Distillation(p. 371)
• C. The Gas-Solid Interface: Adsorption(p. 375)
• Adsorption Isotherms(p. 376)
• Solid Phase Extraction(p. 377)
• D. Continuous Partition: Chromatography(p. 378)
• The Fraction of Time Spent in Each Phase(p. 379)
• Moving One of the Phases(p. 379)
• Measures of Effectiveness(p. 381)
• Effect of Mobile Phase Flow Rate(p. 383)
• E. Gas Chromatography(p. 385)
• The Instrument(p. 386)
• Sample Injection(p. 387)
• The Column(p. 388)
• The Detector(p. 388)
• The General Elution Problem(p. 390)
• Peak Overlap(p. 391)
• Information Obtained from Gas Chromatograms(p. 391)
• F. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(p. 393)
• The HPLC System(p. 393)
• Partition Chromatography(p. 395)
• G. Variations on the Chromatographic Theme(p. 396)
• Planar Chromatography(p. 397)
• H. Mass Spectrometric Detection(p. 398)
• I. Multichannel Chromatographic Detection(p. 399)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 400)
• Chapter 12 Analysis by Biochemical Reactivity(p. 403)
• A. Enzyme Reactivity(p. 404)
• Varieties of Enzymes and Reactivity(p. 405)
• Enzyme Activation and Inhibition(p. 406)
• The Effect of pH(p. 406)
• Enzyme Stability(p. 408)
• B. Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions(p. 409)
• First-Order Reaction Rates(p. 410)
• Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions(p. 410)
• The Michaelis-Menten Equation(p. 412)
• Analytical Significance of K[subscript M] and K[subscript cat](p. 413)
• C. Kinetic Methods of Analysis(p. 416)
• Continuous Flow Methods(p. 416)
• Stopped Flow Methods(p. 417)
• Quenching Methods(p. 418)
• Applications of Kinetic Analysis with Enzymes(p. 418)
• D. Antigen-Antibody Reactivity(p. 420)
• Antibodies and Their Generation(p. 421)
• Detecting the Antibody-Antigen Reaction(p. 422)
• E. Immobilized Enzymes and Antibodies(p. 424)
• Bonding Biochemical Reagents(p. 424)
• Containing Biochemical Reagents(p. 425)
• F. Separation with Biochemical Reactions(p. 426)
• Separation on the Basis of Size(p. 426)
• Separation on the Basis of Complexation Reactivity(p. 428)
• Separation on the Basis of Mass and Density(p. 430)
• G. Immunoassay(p. 434)
• Direct Binding Reactions(p. 434)
• Competitive Binding Reactions(p. 436)
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)(p. 438)
• Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)(p. 439)
• Applications of Immunoassay(p. 440)
• H. Biochemically Based Sensors(p. 441)
• Photon Emission Sensors(p. 441)
• Photon Absorption Sensors(p. 442)
• Electrode Potential Sensors(p. 443)
• Electrode Current Sensors(p. 444)
• Practice Questions and Problems(p. 446)
• Background Materials(p. 449)
• A. Stoichiometric Ratios in Chemical Compounds and Reactions(p. 449)
• Molecular Formulas(p. 449)
• Reaction Stoichiometry(p. 449)
• Ionic Reactions(p. 450)
• Combining Quantities(p. 450)
• B. Logarithms and Exponents(p. 452)
• Logarithms(p. 452)
• Antilogarithms(p. 453)
• "p" Units(p. 453)
• Logarithmic Scales(p. 454)
• Natural Logarithms(p. 454)
• Operations with Exponents(p. 455)
• Addition and Subtraction(p. 455)
• Multiplication and Division(p. 455)
• Operations with Logarithms(p. 455)
• C. Electrical Quantities and Their Relationships(p. 456)
• Electrical Conductors and Insulators(p. 456)
• Separation of Charge(p. 457)
• Electrical Current(p. 457)
• Electrical Capacitance(p. 458)
• Electrical Signals(p. 458)
• Appendices(p. 461)
• A. Tables of Activity Coefficients and a[subscript X](p. 461)
• 1. Calculated Values of Acitivity Coefficient Using the DHE(p. 461)
• 2. Table of Ion Size Parameters, a[subscript X], for Inorganic Ions(p. 462)
• 3. Table of Ion Size Parameters, a[subscript X], for Organic Ions(p. 462)
• B. K[deg subscript a] Values for Weak Acids in Water(p. 463)
• C. Table of Complex Formation (K[deg subscript f] and K'[subscript f]) Values(p. 468)
• D. K[deg subscript sp] and K'[subscript sp] Values for Some Precipitates(p. 472)
• E. Standard Reduction Potentials(p. 474)
• F. International Atomic Weights(p. 476)
• G. Useful Constants and Conversions(p. 478)
• Prefixes for Units and their Multiplication Factors(p. 479)
• H. Techniques Discussed and Their Location(p. 480)
• Index(p. 483)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Chris Enke's first book was "Electronics for Scientists" written with Howard Malmstadt, and in later versions with Stan Crouch as well. This book is the ninth he has authored or coauthored. Between these "bookends" he has been active in research and teaching. He is currently Professor of Chemistry at The University of New Mexico and Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University. His Ph.D. was earned at the University of Illinois. He has mentored over 60 Ph.D. students whose theses are in the areas of electroanalytical chemistry, computer-based instrumentation, optical spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Over 150 papers and book chapters have resulted from this research. He has received American Chemical Society awards in Chemical Instrumentation and Computers in Chemistry, the Distinguished Faculty Award at Michagan State University, and is an AAAS Fellow. Among his several inventions is the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (with Rick Yost) for which they received the Distinguished Contribution Award from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. Chris has served as President of ASMS, Chairman of the Computers in Chemistry Division of ACS, and has been a member of many professional society and journal advisory boards. Thus present book was written out of his love for the subject of analytical chemistry and in appreciation of congenial colleagues, stimulating students, and rewarding research.