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This text focuses on the skills social workers use in the helping process. It defines, illustrates, and teaches helping skills and provides manageable models for understanding them. The book also looks at the underlying process and its associated set of core skills. A range of helping situations are addressed so that social workers can find useful models to incorporate into their own work. The core processes and skills are identified in the chapters on work with individuals and reappear in the discussions of group, family, and community work.

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• Acknowledgments(p. xv)
• Introduction(p. xvii)
• Part I A Model of the Helping Process(p. 1)
• 1 An Interactional Approach to Helping(p. 2)
• Chapter Outline(p. 2)
• Social Work Practice Theory(p. 2)
• The Client-System Interaction(p. 4)
• Underlying Assumptions in the Interactional Model(p. 9)
• Assumption of Symbiosis(p. 9)
• Assumption of Obstacles in the Engagement(p. 12)
• Assumption of Strength for Change(p. 15)
• The Social Work Profession: A Historical Perspective(p. 17)
• The Roots of the Profession(p. 17)
• The Function of the Social Work Profession(p. 19)
• Social Work Skill and The Working Relationship(p. 22)
• The Integration of Personal and Professional Selves(p. 25)
• Alternative Social Work Perspectives(p. 27)
• Radical Social Work Practice(p. 27)
• Feminist Practice(p. 28)
• Social Work as Psychotherapy(p. 30)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy(p. 30)
• Summary of Models(p. 33)
• Chapter Summary(p. 34)
• Glossary(p. 34)
• Part II Social Work with Individuals(p. 39)
• 2 The Preliminary Phase of Work(p. 40)
• Chapter Outline(p. 40)
• Communications in Practice(p. 41)
• Obstacles to Direct Communication(p. 41)
• Examples of Indirect Communication in Practice(p. 42)
• The Preliminary Phase: Tuning in to Self and to the Client(p. 44)
• Tuning in to the Authority Theme(p. 44)
• Elements of the Working Relationship(p. 488)
• Affective Versus Intellectual Tuning In(p. 50)
• Tuning In to Your Own Feelings(p. 52)
• Different Levels of Tuning In(p. 53)
• Responding Directly to Indirect Cues(p. 55)
• Oppression Psychology(p. 61)
• The Master-Slave Paradigm(p. 62)
• Indicators of Oppression(p. 63)
• Alienation and Psychopathology(p. 65)
• Methods of Defense Against Oppression(p. 66)
• Resilience Theory(p. 67)
• Developmental Psychology Theory and Research(p. 68)
• Resilience and Life-Span Theory(p. 71)
• Implications for Social Work Practice(p. 72)
• Agency Records, Referral Reports, and the Agency Culture(p. 73)
• Values, Ethics, and the Law in Social Work Practice(p. 75)
• Values and Ethics(p. 76)
• The Impact of Legislation and the Court(p. 83)
• Chapter Summary(p. 88)
• Glossary(p. 89)
• 3 Beginnings and the Contracting Skills(p. 93)
• Chapter Outline(p. 93)
• The Dynamics of New Relationships(p. 94)
• Contracting in First Sessions(p. 99)
• Contracting Example(p. 101)
• Some Variant Elements in Contracting(p. 102)
• Research Findings on Contracting(p. 104)
• Contracting Over Time(p. 105)
• Contracting With Resistant Clients(p. 107)
• Models for Assessment in the Beginning Phase(p. 117)
• Culturally Diverse Practice(p. 120)
• Mexican-American(p. 122)
• African-American(p. 122)
• American Indian(p. 124)
• Canadian Indian(p. 125)
• Issues in Cross-Racial Practice(p. 126)
• Education and Training for Culturally Sensitive Practice(p. 127)
• Evaluation of Practice: Process and Outcomes(p. 128)
• Process Evaluation: The Record of Service(p. 129)
• Outcome Evaluation: The Single-System Research Design(p. 131)
• Chapter Summary(p. 132)
• Glossary(p. 133)
• 4 Skills in the Work Phase(p. 135)
• Chapter Outline(p. 135)
• A Model of the Work Phase Interview(p. 136)
• Work Phase Summary(p. 136)
• Sessional Tuning-In Skills(p. 138)
• Tuning In to the Client's Sense of Urgency(p. 139)
• Tuning In to the Worker's Own Feelings(p. 141)
• Tuning In to the Meaning of the Client's Struggle(p. 143)
• Tuning In and the Worker's Realities of Time and Stress(p. 144)
• Tuning In to the Worker's Own Life Experiences(p. 144)
• Sessional Contracting(p. 145)
• Elaborating Skills(p. 148)
• Containment(p. 148)
• Moving from the General to the Specific(p. 149)
• Focused Listening(p. 151)
• Questioning(p. 151)
• Reaching Inside of Silences(p. 152)
• Empathic Skills(p. 155)
• Reaching for Feelings(p. 158)
• Displaying Understanding of Client's Feelings(p. 158)
• Putting the Client's Feelings into Words(p. 160)
• Research Findings on Empathy(p. 160)
• Sharing Worker's Feelings(p. 161)
• Issues in Sharing Worker's Feelings(p. 165)
• Research on Sharing Feelings(p. 167)
• Making a Demand for Work(p. 168)
• Partializing Client Concerns(p. 171)
• Holding to Focus(p. 173)
• Checking for Underlying Ambivalence(p. 174)
• Challenging the Illusion of Work(p. 175)
• Pointing Out Obstacles(p. 176)
• Supporting Clients in Taboo Areas(p. 176)
• Dealing with the Authority Theme(p. 179)
• Identifying Process and Content Connections(p. 181)
• Skills for Sharing Data(p. 185)
• Providing Relevant Data(p. 186)
• Providing Data in a Way That Is Open to Examination(p. 188)
• Ethical Dilemmas in Withholding Data(p. 190)
• Helping the Client to See Life in New Ways(p. 191)
• Sessional Ending and Transition Skills(p. 192)
• The Skill of Summarizing(p. 193)
• The Skill of Generalizing(p. 193)
• The Skill of Identifying Next Steps(p. 194)
• The Skill of Rehearsal(p. 195)
• The Skill of Identifying "Doorknob" Communications(p. 196)
• Chapter Summary(p. 197)
• Glossary(p. 197)
• 5 Endings and Transitions(p. 200)
• Chapter Outline(p. 200)
• The Dynamics and Skills of Endings(p. 201)
• The Denial Phase(p. 203)
• Indirect and Direct Expressions of Anger(p. 205)
• The Mourning Period(p. 209)
• "Trying It on for Size"(p. 211)
• The "Farewell-Party" Syndrome(p. 212)
• The Skills of Transitions(p. 212)
• Identification of Major Learnings(p. 213)
• Identification of Areas for Future Work(p. 215)
• Synthesizing the Ending Process and Content(p. 217)
• Transitions to New Experiences and Support Systems(p. 218)
• Some Variations of the Endings Themes(p. 221)
• Ending a Relationship That Never Really Began(p. 222)
• Endings Caused by the Termination of the Worker's Job(p. 224)
• Endings Caused by the Death of the Client(p. 226)
• Chapter Summary(p. 232)
• Glossary(p. 232)
• Part III Social Work with Families(p. 233)
• 6 Family Practice in the Social Work Context(p. 234)
• Chapter Outline(p. 234)
• Social Work with Families(p. 234)
• Selected Concepts from Family Therapy Theory(p. 236)
• The Two-Clients Concept and the Worker's Role(p. 240)
• First Family Session with an Angry Father(p. 243)
• Discussion of the First Family Session(p. 246)
• Family Support Work Over Time(p. 247)
• Working with a Single-Parent Family(p. 254)
• The Impact of Culture and Community: A White Worker and an American Indian Family(p. 262)
• Parent-Teen Conflict in a Psychiatric Setting(p. 269)
• Chapter Summary(p. 274)
• Glossary(p. 275)
• 7 Problem-Centered Family Practice(p. 277)
• Chapter Outline(p. 277)
• Mandate, Client Problem, and Family Counseling(p. 277)
• Hiding the Family's Secrets: Dealing with Taboo Areas(p. 278)
• The Child Welfare Setting(p. 280)
• The Foster Parent(p. 280)
• Working with the Child in Care(p. 286)
• A Teen Parent and Her Family of Origin(p. 289)
• Family Practice in a School Setting(p. 290)
• The Single-Parent Family and the "Big Brother" Service(p. 296)
• The Acting-Out Parent(p. 296)
• An Ending and Transition(p. 298)
• Chapter Summary(p. 299)
• Glossary(p. 299)
• Part IV Social Work with Groups(p. 301)
• 8 The Group as a Mutual Aid System(p. 302)
• Chapter Outline(p. 302)
• The Dynamics of Mutual Aid(p. 303)
• Sharing Data(p. 303)
• The Dialectical Process(p. 305)
• Discussing a Taboo Area(p. 305)
• The "All-in-the-Same-Boat" Phenomenon(p. 306)
• Developing a Universal Perspective(p. 307)
• Mutual Support(p. 307)
• Mutual Demand(p. 307)
• Individual Problem-Solving(p. 309)
• Rehearsal(p. 310)
• The "Strength-in-Numbers" Phenomenon(p. 312)
• Summary of the Dynamics of Mutual Aid(p. 312)
• Obstacles to Mutual Aid(p. 313)
• The Function of the Group Leader(p. 314)
• The "Fear-of-Groups" Syndrome(p. 315)
• Chapter Summary(p. 317)
• Glossary(p. 317)
• 9 Group Formation(p. 319)
• Chapter Outline(p. 319)
• Preparing for Group Work(p. 319)
• Work with the Staff System(p. 320)
• Achieving Consensus on the Service(p. 321)
• Identifying Group Type and Structure(p. 326)
• Group Versus Individual Work with Clients(p. 327)
• Agency Support for Groups(p. 328)
• Group Composition, Timing, and Structure(p. 329)
• Group Member Selection(p. 330)
• Group Timing(p. 332)
• Group Structure, Setting, and Rules(p. 334)
• Work with Prospective Members(p. 335)
• Strategizing for Effective Referrals(p. 336)
• Worker Skills in the Initial Interviews(p. 337)
• Chapter Summary(p. 340)
• Glossary(p. 341)
• 10 The Beginning Phase with Groups(p. 343)
• Chapter Outline(p. 343)
• The Dynamics of First Group Sessions(p. 344)
• The Couples' Group(p. 345)
• The Initial Stage(p. 346)
• The Work Continues(p. 356)
• The Ending and Transition Stage(p. 362)
• Recontracting(p. 364)
• Recontracting with Your Own Group(p. 365)
• Joining an Ongoing Group(p. 382)
• Co-Leadership in Groups(p. 389)
• Chapter Summary(p. 390)
• Glossary(p. 391)
• 11 First Group Sessions: Some Variations(p. 392)
• Chapter Outline(p. 392)
• First Sessions with Children and Adolescents(p. 392)
• Foster Adolescents in a Child Welfare Setting(p. 392)
• Ten-Year-Old Girls in a School Setting(p. 394)
• Unmarried Pregnant Teens in a Shelter(p. 400)
• Setting Limits: An Adolescent Acting-Out Boys' Group(p. 401)
• Contracting with 12-Year-Old Boys in a School Setting(p. 405)
• The Impact of Authority on the First Session(p. 406)
• Involuntary Groups: Addiction and Family Violence(p. 406)
• Parole Group for Ex-Convicts(p. 412)
• Public Welfare Clients(p. 416)
• Authority and the Adoption Process(p. 419)
• Client Problem Impact(p. 423)
• Parents with Children with Cerebral Palsy(p. 423)
• Foster Parents: The Late-Arriving Members(p. 423)
• Outpatient Psychiatric Group: Initial Resistance(p. 424)
• Women with Recent Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis: Crying in the First Session(p. 425)
• Impact of the Setting of Service(p. 427)
• Patient Ward Group: Dealing with the Hospital(p. 427)
• Teen Boys in a Residential Setting: Empowerment for Change(p. 428)
• Alternative Public Day School: Parents of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties(p. 429)
• Impact of Time(p. 431)
• Chapter Summary(p. 435)
• Glossary(p. 436)
• 12 The Work Phase in the Group(p. 437)
• Chapter Outline(p. 437)
• Sessional Contracting in the Group(p. 438)
• Reaching for Individual Communication in the Group(p. 438)
• Acting-Out Behavior: Children, Teens, and Adults(p. 444)
• Reaching for the Group Response to the Individual(p. 447)
• Reaching for the Work When Obstacles Threaten(p. 452)
• The Work Phase in a Group Session(p. 455)
• Helping the Group Work Over Time(p. 456)
• Focusing the Group on Problem-Solving Mutual Aid(p. 468)
• Sessional Endings and Transitions(p. 470)
• Chapter Summary(p. 472)
• Glossary(p. 473)
• 13 Working with the Individual in the Group(p. 474)
• Chapter Outline(p. 474)
• The Concept of Role in a Dynamic System(p. 474)
• The Scapegoat in the Group(p. 476)
• Scapegoating Examples(p. 478)
• Dealing with the Scapegoating Pattern(p. 495)
• The Deviant Member(p. 495)
• Deviant Behavior as Communication(p. 496)
• The Deviant as a Functional Role(p. 498)
• The Internal Leader(p. 505)
• The Internal Leader--The Worker's Ally or Enemy(p. 505)
• The Gatekeeper(p. 508)
• The Use of Humor as a Form of Flight(p. 509)
• The Defensive Member(p. 514)
• A Three-Stage Change Process(p. 514)
• The Quiet Member(p. 523)
• The Monopolizer(p. 526)
• Parents of Children with Traumatic Brain Injury(p. 527)
• Men's Counseling Group(p. 528)
• Chapter Summary(p. 531)
• Glossary(p. 532)
• 14 Working with the Group as the Second Client(p. 534)
• Chapter Outline(p. 534)
• The Group as an Organism(p. 535)
• Developmental Tasks(p. 535)
• Dealing with the Relationship to the Worker(p. 537)
• Dealing with the Relationships Between Members(p. 542)
• Developing a Culture for Work(p. 556)
• The Impact of Ethnicity on Group Culture(p. 570)
• Helping Group Members Develop a Structure for Work(p. 580)
• Research on Group Structural Variables(p. 580)
• Young Recovering Addicts: Developing the Rules for the Group(p. 581)
• Developing a Group Structure Over Time: Teen Psychiatric Group(p. 583)
• Helping Group Members Negotiate the Environment(p. 588)
• Adolescents: Acting-Out Behavior in the Community Center(p. 588)
• Sixth-Grade Girls and the Transition to a New School(p. 590)
• Chapter Summary(p. 591)
• Glossary(p. 592)
• 15 Endings and Transitions with Groups(p. 595)
• Chapter Outline(p. 595)
• Ending and Transition Phase Summary(p. 595)
• Endings and Transitions: Group Illustrations(p. 596)
• Ending Session with Patients with Multiple Sclerosis(p. 596)
• Pregnant Teens in a Group Home(p. 598)
• Children's Group in an Elementary School(p. 600)
• Welfare Mothers' Group(p. 602)
• Men's Support Group(p. 603)
• Hearing-Impaired Teenagers' Group(p. 605)
• Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Last Six Sessions(p. 607)
• A Termination Session: The Worker Leaving the Group(p. 614)
• Chapter Summary(p. 618)
• Glossary(p. 618)
• 16 Some Variant Elements in Group Practice(p. 619)
• Chapter Outline(p. 619)
• The Open-Ended Group(p. 619)
• Hospital Group on a Gynecological Ward(p. 620)
• Bringing in the New Member to an AIDS Group(p. 622)
• Residential Settings(p. 623)
• Housing Complex Group for Elderly Persons(p. 623)
• The Single-Session Group(p. 628)
• Information Group: Foster Parent Recruitment(p. 629)
• An Informal Event Group: Remembering the Holocaust(p. 630)
• Activity in Groups(p. 632)
• Children Dealing with Their Parents' Separation and Divorce(p. 634)
• Teenage Girls' Dance Group in a Residential Setting(p. 645)
• Activity Group for Vietnamese Immigrant Women(p. 648)
• Chapter Summary(p. 650)
• Glossary(p. 650)
• 17 Substance Abuse and Group Work Practice(p. 652)
• Chapter Outline(p. 652)
• The Literature on Substance Abuse(p. 652)
• Group Work with Substance Abusers(p. 655)
• Group Work with Active Abusers(p. 655)
• Group Work with Persons in Recovery(p. 660)
• Group Work with Clients with a Dual Diagnosis(p. 672)
• Group Work with the Substance Abuser's Significant Others(p. 685)
• Group Work and Substance Abuse Prevention(p. 703)
• Substance Abuse Prevention(p. 703)
• Chapter Summary(p. 708)
• Glossary(p. 709)
• Part V Social Work with the System(p. 711)
• 18 Helping Clients to Negotiate the System(p. 712)
• Chapter Outline(p. 712)
• Introduction(p. 712)
• The Individual-System Interaction(p. 714)
• Mediating the Individual-System Engagement(p. 715)
• Work with the School System(p. 717)
• Work with the Hospital System(p. 723)
• Confrontation, Social Pressure, and Advocacy(p. 734)
• Client Advocacy: Helping a Client Negotiate the Housing System(p. 735)
• Chapter Summary(p. 740)
• Glossary(p. 740)
• 19 Professional Impact on the System(p. 742)
• Chapter Outline(p. 742)
• Introduction(p. 742)
• From Individual Problems to Social Action(p. 744)
• Illustrations of Agency Change(p. 745)
• Social Action in the Community(p. 749)
• Professional Impact and Interstaff Relationships(p. 751)
• The Agency as a Social System(p. 752)
• Interdisciplinary Work with a Client: Who Owns the Client?(p. 754)
• Interdepartmental Communications in a Large System(p. 755)
• Impact on Relations with Staff at Other Agencies(p. 759)
• Chapter Summary(p. 761)
• Glossary(p. 762)
• 20 Social Work in the Community(p. 764)
• Chapter Outline(p. 764)
• Neighboring and Neighborhoods(p. 764)
• Community Organizing Philosophy and Models(p. 765)
• The Neighborhood as Community(p. 766)
• The Milieu as Community(p. 796)
• Working with the Milieu as Community: The War Memorial Gazette(p. 796)
• Summary(p. 802)
• Glossary(p. 802)
• Epilogue(p. 805)
• Appendix A Research Methodology(p. 807)
• Appendix B Codes of Ethics(p. 812)
• Bibliography(p. 845)
• Index of Case Examples(p. 855)
• Name Index(p. 863)
• Subject Index(p. 867)