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As the American population becomes increasingly multicultural, it becomes necessary to focus on the particular needs and experiences of different ethnicities. This book does just that within the context of the field of social work, as it explores ways in which class and ethnic factors could contribute to the assessment and intervention process. First written in response to CSWE mandates in the early 1980s for the incorporation of ethnicity in the social work practice sequence, this book is one of the most well-known and respected books on ethnic-sensitive social work practice, diversity practice, or practice with minorities. Through a generalist perspective in its approach the book includes various ethnicities, various populations -- individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities-- and various approaches to practice -- empowerment and strengths perspectives, psychosocial perspectives, problem-solving, task-centered and structural approaches. Social workers and therapists.

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• Preface(p. xv)
• Part 1 Conceptual Formulations and Perspectives on Ethnic-Sensitive Practice(p. 1)
• 1 We, the People of the United States(p. 3)
• The Experience of Newcomers(p. 5)
• 1821 to 1930(p. 6)
• 1931 to 1960(p. 6)
• 1961 to 1980(p. 9)
• The 1980s(p. 10)
• The 1990s(p. 11)
• Becoming a U.S. Citizen(p. 13)
• Intermarriage and the New Ethnicity(p. 16)
• Summary(p. 18)
• References(p. 18)
• 2 The Ethnic Reality(p. 21)
• Ethnic Stratification(p. 22)
• Major Perspectives on the Role of Ethnicity in American Life(p. 22)
• Definition of Terms: Definitional Issues(p. 25)
• Culture(p. 26)
• Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity as Concepts(p. 26)
• What Do Members of Ethnic Groups Prefer to Be Called?(p. 27)
• "Race"(p. 28)
• Use of the Terms "Whites" and "Blacks"(p. 30)
• "Whites"(p. 30)
• "Blacks"(p. 31)
• Oppressed Ethnic Groups(p. 31)
• People of Color(p. 32)
• "Middleman" Minority Groups(p. 32)
• Assimilationism and the Melting Pot(p. 33)
• Ethnic Conflict Theory(p. 34)
• Ethnic Pluralism(p. 36)
• The Sense of Ethnicity(p. 37)
• The Development and Maintenance of Ethnic Identity(p. 39)
• Language(p. 39)
• Rituals and Celebrations(p. 40)
• Ethnic Schools and Parochial Schools(p. 40)
• Primary Groups(p. 41)
• The Migration Experience(p. 42)
• Social Stratification, Social Class, and Inequality(p. 44)
• Social Inequality(p. 44)
• Social Class(p. 44)
• Indicators of Social Class(p. 45)
• Social Class Distribution: Income, Poverty, Education(p. 46)
• Poverty Data for 1996(p. 47)
• Class and Rank(p. 48)
• Life in the Various Social Classes(p. 49)
• The Working Class(p. 49)
• The Middle Class(p. 51)
• The Underclass(p. 52)
• The Ethnic Reality(p. 54)
• Summary(p. 60)
• References(p. 60)
• 3 Ethnicity and the Life Course(p. 64)
• The Life Course Concept(p. 64)
• Various Conceptions about the Life Cycle(p. 66)
• Entry(p. 69)
• Childhood(p. 71)
• The Vagaries of Childhood(p. 72)
• Adolescence(p. 74)
• Emerging Adulthood(p. 75)
• The Search for a Mate(p. 76)
• Emerging Men and Women(p. 77)
• Adulthood(p. 79)
• Child Rearing(p. 83)
• Friends(p. 84)
• Later Adulthood(p. 85)
• Old Age(p. 86)
• Summary(p. 88)
• References(p. 88)
• 4 The Layers of Understanding(p. 92)
• Blending Knowledge, Values, and Skills(p. 92)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 93)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 95)
• Individual and Family Life Course Considerations(p. 95)
• Social Role Theory(p. 96)
• Social Systems Theory(p. 96)
• Sociological Theory(p. 96)
• Psychological Theories(p. 97)
• Domain Specific Theories(p. 98)
• Layer 3 Knowledge and Skill in Agency Policy and Services Influence Professional Practice(p. 99)
• Layer 4 Self-Awareness, Including Insight into the Impact of One's Own Ethnicity(p. 100)
• Dual Ethnic Background(p. 102)
• Layer 5 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality(p. 103)
• Layer 6 An Understanding That the Route to the Social Worker Has an Impact on How Social Services Are Perceived and Delivered(p. 104)
• Summary(p. 109)
• References(p. 109)
• 5 Approaches to Social Work Practice and the Ethnic Reality(p. 111)
• The Psychosocial Approach(p. 113)
• Assumptions(p. 113)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 116)
• The Problem-Solving Approaches(p. 118)
• The Problem-Solving Framework--Assumptions(p. 118)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 119)
• Task-Centered System(p. 120)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 121)
• The Social Provision and Structural Approaches(p. 122)
• The Structural Approach(p. 122)
• Assumptions(p. 122)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 123)
• The Systems Approach(p. 124)
• Assumptions(p. 124)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 125)
• Ecological Perspectives(p. 125)
• Assumptions(p. 125)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 128)
• The Generalist Perspective(p. 128)
• The Empowerment and Strengths Perspectives(p. 129)
• The Empowerment Approach(p. 129)
• Strengths Perspectives(p. 129)
• Assumptions and the Ethnic Reality(p. 130)
• Approaches Focused on Cultural Awareness and Minority Issues(p. 130)
• Assumptions(p. 130)
• A Model of Help-Seeking Behavior(p. 132)
• Ethnic Competence(p. 132)
• Congruence of the Model with Prevailing Approaches to Social Work Practice(p. 132)
• The Model as a Guide for Practice(p. 132)
• The Process-Stage Approach(p. 133)
• Assumptions(p. 133)
• Summary(p. 135)
• References(p. 136)
• 6 Assumptions and Principles for Ethnic-Sensitive Practice(p. 139)
• Assumptions(p. 139)
• Past History Has a Bearing on Problem Generation and Solution(p. 140)
• Group History(p. 140)
• Individual History and Group Identity(p. 142)
• The Present Is Most Important(p. 143)
• The Ethnic Reality as a Source of Cohesion, Identity, and Strength and as a Source of Strain, Discordance, and Strife(p. 144)
• The Family(p. 144)
• Rituals and Celebrations(p. 145)
• Ethnic Schools and Parochial Schools(p. 146)
• Language(p. 147)
• Language--the Sounds of Discord(p. 147)
• Nonconscious Phenomena Affect Functioning(p. 148)
• Practice Principles(p. 148)
• Simultaneous Attention to Micro and Macro Issues(p. 149)
• Summary(p. 153)
• References(p. 154)
• Part II Ethnic-Sensitive Practice(p. 156)
• 7 Ethnic-Sensitive Generalist Practice(p. 159)
• The Generalist Perspective(p. 159)
• Ethnic-Sensitive Generalist Practice(p. 161)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 163)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 163)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 165)
• Layer 3 Knowledge and Skill in Agency Policy and Service Influence Professional Practice(p. 166)
• Layer 4 Self-Awareness, Including Insight into One's Own Ethnicity(p. 167)
• Layer 5 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality on the Daily Life of the Client(p. 167)
• Layer 6 An Understanding of the Impact of the Route to the Social Worker(p. 168)
• Layer 7 The Adaptation of Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Generalist Practice(p. 169)
• Summary(p. 171)
• References(p. 171)
• 8 Adapting Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Practice: Direct Practice(p. 174)
• Part 1 The Layers of Understanding(p. 175)
• Intervention and the Layers of Understanding(p. 175)
• Part 2 Work to Be Done before Meeting with Clients(p. 182)
• Basic Knowledge Acquisition(p. 182)
• Understanding Your Community and Your Organization(p. 182)
• Work before Meeting with Any Particular Client(p. 184)
• Part 3 Intervention(p. 185)
• Problem Identification and Assessment(p. 185)
• Stage Setting: Privacy, Creating Comfortable Spaces Accommodating to the Setting(p. 186)
• "Tuning In"(p. 188)
• Attending Generically(p. 191)
• Adaptation to the Ethnic Reality(p. 193)
• Contracting: Some Preliminary Considerations(p. 194)
• Working on the Problem(p. 196)
• Social Group Work(p. 203)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 204)
• Starting the Group(p. 207)
• The Work Phase(p. 208)
• Termination(p. 210)
• Summary(p. 211)
• References(p. 211)
• 9 Ethnic-Sensitive Macro Practice(p. 215)
• Defining Macro Practice(p. 215)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 216)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 217)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 218)
• Layer 3 Knowledge and Skill in Agency Policy and Services Influence Professional Practice(p. 220)
• Layer 4 Self-Awareness and Insight into One's Own Ethnicity(p. 221)
• Layer 5 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality on the Daily Life of the Community(p. 221)
• Layer 6 An Understanding That the Route to the Social Worker Has an Impact on How Social Services Are Perceived and Delivered(p. 222)
• Layer 7 The Adaptation of Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Macro Practice(p. 223)
• Summary(p. 225)
• References(p. 225)
• 10 Ethnic-Sensitive Practice with Refugees and New Immigrants(p. 227)
• Korean Immigration(p. 228)
• The Acculturation Experience(p. 229)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 230)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 232)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 232)
• Layer 3 Knowledge and Skill in Immigration Policy and Services Service(p. 235)
• Layer 4 Self-Awareness, Including Insights into One's Own Ethnicity(p. 237)
• Layer 5 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality on the Lives of the New Immigrants and Refugees(p. 238)
• Layer 6 An Understanding That the Route to the Social Worker Has an Impact on How Social Services Are Perceived and Delivered(p. 239)
• Layer 7 The Adaptation of Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Practice with New Immigrants and Refugees(p. 239)
• Summary(p. 240)
• References(p. 240)
• 11 Ethnic-Sensitive Practice with Families(p. 243)
• The Family Life Course(p. 244)
• Defining the Family(p. 244)
• Defining the Family Life Course(p. 246)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 247)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 247)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 248)
• Layer 3 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality on the Daily Life of Families(p. 254)
• Layer 4 Knowledge and Skill in Agency Policy and Services Influence Professional Practice(p. 254)
• Layer 5 Self-Awareness, Including Insight into One's Own Ethnicity and an Understanding of How That May Influence Professional Practice(p. 255)
• Layer 6 An Understanding That the Route to the Social Worker Has an Impact on How Social Services Are Perceived(p. 257)
• Layer 7 The Adaptation of Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Practice(p. 258)
• Summary(p. 259)
• References(p. 259)
• 12 Ethnic-Sensitive Practice in the Public Sector: From AFDC to TANF(p. 261)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 264)
• Layer 1 Social Work Values(p. 264)
• Layer 2 Basic Knowledge of Human Behavior(p. 266)
• Layer 3 Knowledge and Skill in Agency Policy and Service Influence Professional Practice(p. 267)
• Layer 4 Self-Awareness, Including Insight into the Impact of the Ethnic Reality on Professional Practice(p. 273)
• Layer 5 The Impact of the Ethnic Reality on Daily Life in the Public Sector(p. 275)
• Layer 6 An Understanding That the Route to the Social Worker Has an Impact on How Social Services Are Perceived and Delivered(p. 277)
• Layer 7 The Adaptation of Strategies and Procedures for Ethnic-Sensitive Practice in the Public Sector(p. 279)
• Summary(p. 280)
• References(p. 280)
• 13 Ethnic-Sensitive Practice in Health Care(p. 284)
• The Layers of Understanding(p. 286)
• Social Work Values(p. 286)
• Self-Awareness, Including Insight into One's Own Ethnicity and an Understanding of How That May Influence Professional Practice(p. 287)
• The Health Problems before Us: Theories, Concepts, Issues(p. 287)
• Health Policies, Organization, and Financing(p. 294)
• Managed Care(p. 295)
• Health and Illness Behavior(p. 297)
• The Ethnic Reality(p. 301)
• The Route to the Social Worker(p. 302)
• Intervention(p. 303)
• Summary(p. 309)
• References(p. 309)
• Appendix 1 Community Profile(p. 313)
• Appendix 2 Guide for Making an Ethnic Assessment(p. 317)
• Index(p. 319)