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Examining the Marcos and Aquino administrations in the Philippines, and a number of cases in Latin Amarica, Casper discusses the legacies of authoritarianism and shows how difficult it is for popularly elected leaders to ensure that democracy will flourish. Authoritarian regimes leave an imprint on society long after their leaders have been overthrown because they transform or destroy the social institutions on which a successful democracy depends. Casper concludes that redemocratization is problematic, even in countries with strong democratic traditions.

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• Acknowledgments(p. vii)
• List of Abbreviations(p. xi)
• Part I (p. 1)
• 1 The Legacies of Authoritarian Rule(p. 3)
• 2 The Changing Ideologies and Expanding Roles of the Church and the Military(p. 17)
• 3 Authoritarianism in The Philippines(p. 40)
• Part II (p. 53)
• 4 Marcos and the Church(p. 55)
• 5 Marcos and the Military(p. 87)
• 6 The Collapse of the Marcos Regime(p. 115)
• 7 The Aftermath of Regime Change in the Philippines(p. 150)
• Part III (p. 177)
• 8 The Philippines in Comparative Perspective(p. 179)
• Appendix: Questionnaire for Church and Military Informants(p. 205)
• Bibliography(p. 207)
• Index(p. 227)

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CHOICE Review

Casper studies the transition from authoritarianism in the Philippines, with comparative reference to countries undergoing redemocratization in Latin America. Like studies such as Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, ed. by G. O'Donnell, P.C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead (CH, Jun'87), and Samuel P. Huntington's The Third Wave (CH, Mar'92), Casper's attempts to understand the institutional and behavioral factors that are essential for the return of democracy to authoritarian states. She focuses on the interaction between two social institutions, the church and the military, and the regime. She argues that both institutions developed new beliefs and changed their behavior toward the regime to match their changed beliefs. The church adopted the reform ideology of the Second Vatican Council, and increasingly paid attention to social reform instead of the sacraments. The military adopted the national security orientation popularized by the US, and emphasized internal threats to stability. Authoritarianism had the effect of politicizing the two institutions, which initially supported the Marcos regime but which came to oppose it and joined in the disestablishment of authoritarian power. However, even after democratization was achieved in 1986, younger, reformist elements of both the church and military tried to remain in the political arena. The prospect for their continued political involvement makes the restored democracy "fragile," Casper contends. All levels. G. A. McBeath; University of Alaska, Fairbanks

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Gretchen Casper is associate professor of political science at Penn State University.