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Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry is a general reference book and textbook that provides the basics of environmental chemistry and can be used across a broad spectrum of applications. The book is perfect for students enrolled in environmentally-oriented one-semester chemistry courses, engineers, regulatory agency personnel, and others who need to have a fundamental knowledge of chemistry or environmental chemistry. It draws on the author's extensive experience in writing books in related areas of environmental chemistry, general chemistry, toxicological chemistry, hazardous waste chemistry, and chemical analysis.
Topics include an overview of basic chemistry; matter and the basis of its physical nature and behavior; organic chemistry; biological chemistry; the chemistry of water, soil, and air; industrial chemistry; toxicological chemistry as it pertains to occupational health and human exposure to pollutants and toxicants; energy; and nuclear energy, nuclear waste, and applications of nuclear science in areas such as tracing pesticide degradation, nuclear medicine, and nuclear wastes. Analytical chemistry and analytical instrumentation as applied to environmental chemical analysis and occupational health monitoring are introduced. The book's appendices provide basic coverage of the fundamentals of mathematics and computations required for chemistry, in addition to listings of important chemicals and their properties.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry(p. 1)
• 1.1 Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry(p. 1)
• 1.2 A Mini-Course in Chemistry(p. 2)
• 1.3 The Building Blocks of Matter(p. 2)
• 1.4 Chemical Bonds and Compounds(p. 6)
• 1.5 Chemical Reactions and Equations(p. 8)
• 1.6 Numbers in Chemistry: Exponential notation(p. 9)
• 1.7 Significant Figures and Uncertainties in Nubers(p. 11)
• 1.8 Measurement and Systems of Measurement(p. 14)
• 1.9 Units of Mass(p. 15)
• 1.10 Units of Length(p. 17)
• 1.11 Units of Volume(p. 18)
• 1.12 Temperature, Heat, and Energy(p. 19)
• 1.13 Pressure(p. 23)
• 1.14 Units and Their Use in Calculations(p. 24)
• Chapter Summary(p. 27)
• Chapter 2. Matter and Properties of Matter(p. 27)
• 2.1 What is Matter?(p. 39)
• 2.2 Classification of Matter(p. 40)
• 2.3 Quantity of Matter: the Mole(p. 42)
• 2.4 Physical Properties of Matter(p. 44)
• 2.5 States of Matter(p. 47)
• 2.6 Gases(p. 48)
• 2.7 Liquids and Solutions(p. 54)
• 2.8 Solids(p. 57)
• 2.9 Thermal properties(p. 57)
• 2.10 Separation and Characterization of Matter(p. 60)
• Chapter Summary(p. 64)
• Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements(p. 75)
• 3.1 Atoms and Elements(p. 75)
• 3.2 The Atomic Theory(p. 75)
• 3.3 Subatomic Particles(p. 78)
• 3.4 The Basic Structure of the Atom(p. 79)
• 3.5 Development of the Periodic Table(p. 80)
• 3.6 Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom(p. 81)
• 3.7 Helium, the First Atom With a Filled Electron Shell(p. 83)
• 3.8 Lithium, the First Atom With Both Inner and Outer Electrons(p. 84)
• 3.9 The Second Period, Elements 4-10(p. 85)
• 3.10 Elements 11-20, and Beyond(p. 90)
• 3.11 A More Detailed Look at Atomic Structure(p. 93)
• 3.12 Quantum and Wave Mechanical Models of Electrons in Atoms(p. 94)
• 3.13 Energy Levels of Atomic Orbitals(p. 100)
• 3.14 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals(p. 101)
• 3.15 Electron Configuration(p. 102)
• 3.16 Electrons in the First 20 Elements(p. 103)
• 3.17 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table(p. 107)
• Chapter Summary(p. 111)
• Table of Elements(p. 120)
• Chapter 4. Chemical Bonds, Molecules, and Compounds(p. 121)
• 4.1 Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation(p. 121)
• 4.2 Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule(p. 122)
• 4.3 Ionic Bonding(p. 124)
• 4.4 Fundamentals of Covalent Bonding(p. 131)
• 4.5 Covalent Bonds in Compounds(p. 132)
• 4.6 Some Other Aspects of Covalent Bonding(p. 136)
• 4.7 Chemical Formulas of Compounds(p. 142)
• 4.8 The Names of Chemical Compounds(p. 147)
• 4.9 Acids, Bases, and Salts(p. 150)
• Chapter Summary(p. 152)
• Chapter 5. Chemical Reactions, Equations, and Stoichiometry(p. 161)
• 5.1 The Sentences of Chemistry(p. 161)
• 5.2 The Information in a Chemical Equation(p. 162)
• 5.3 Balancing Chemical Equations(p. 164)
• 5.4 Will a Reaction Occur?(p. 168)
• 5.5 How Fast Does a Reaction Go?(p. 169)
• 5.6 Classification of Chemical Reactions(p. 170)
• 5.7 Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions(p. 173)
• 5.8 What is Stoichiometry and Why is it Important?(p. 175)
• Chapter Summary(p. 180)
• Chapter 6. Acids, Bases, and Salts(p. 189)
• 6.1 The Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts(p. 189)
• 6.2 The Nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts(p. 189)
• 6.3 Conductance of Electricity by Acids, Bases, and Salts in Solution(p. 193)
• 6.4 Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water(p. 195)
• 6.5 The Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffers(p. 197)
• 6.6 pH and the Relationship Between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations(p. 199)
• 6.7 Preparation of Acids(p. 201)
• 6.8 Preparation of Bases(p. 202)
• 6.9 Preparation of Salts(p. 204)
• 6.10 Acid Salts and Basic Salts(p. 206)
• 6.11 Water of Hydration(p. 207)
• 6.12 Names of Acids, Bases, and Salts(p. 207)
• Chapter Summary(p. 211)
• Chapter 7. Solutions(p. 221)
• 7.1 What are Solutions? Why are they Important?(p. 221)
• 7.2 Solvents(p. 224)
• 7.3 Water--A Unique Solvent(p. 225)
• 7.4 The Solution Process and Solubility(p. 227)
• 7.5 Solution Concentrations(p. 228)
• 7.6 Standard Solutions and Titrations(p. 235)
• 7.7 Physical Properties of Solutions(p. 236)
• 7.8 Solution Equilibria(p. 238)
• 7.9 Colloidal Suspensions(p. 242)
• Chapter Summary(p. 245)
• Chapter 8. Chemistry and Electricity(p. 253)
• 8.1 Chemistry and Electricity(p. 253)
• 8.2 Oxidation and Reduction(p. 254)
• 8.3 Oxidation-Reduction in Solution(p. 257)
• 8.4 The Dry Cell(p. 259)
• 8.5 Storage Batteries(p. 260)
• 8.6 Using Electricity to Make Chemical Reactions Occur(p. 262)
• 8.7 Electroplating(p. 264)
• 8.8 Fuel Cells(p. 265)
• 8.9 Solar Cells(p. 266)
• 8.10 Reaction Tendency(p. 267)
• 8.11 Effect of Concentration: Nernst Equation(p. 271)
• 8.12 Potentiometry(p. 273)
• 8.13 Corrosion(p. 273)
• Chapter Summary(p. 274)
• Chapter 9. Organic Chemistry(p. 281)
• 9.1 Organic Chemistry(p. 281)
• 9.2 Hydrocarbons(p. 282)
• 9.3 Organic Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds(p. 292)
• 9.4 Synthetic Polymers(p. 303)
• Chapter Summary(p. 304)
• Chapter 10. Biological Chemistry(p. 311)
• 10.1 Biochemistry(p. 311)
• 10.2 Biochemistry and the Cell(p. 312)
• 10.3 Proteins(p. 314)
• 10.4 Carbohydrates(p. 318)
• 10.5 Lipids(p. 320)
• 10.6 Enzymes(p. 323)
• 10.7 Nucleic Acids(p. 326)
• 10.8 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering(p. 330)
• 10.9 Metabolic Processes(p. 331)
• Chapter Summary(p. 332)
• Chapter 11. Environmental Chemistry of Water(p. 337)
• 11.1 Introduction(p. 337)
• 11.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance(p. 337)
• 11.3 Sources and Uses of Water: the Hydrologic Cycle(p. 337)
• 11.4 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water(p. 340)
• 11.5 Aquatic Chemistry(p. 342)
• 11.6 Alkalinity and Acidity(p. 343)
• 11.7 Metal Ions and Calcium in Water(p. 345)
• 11.8 Oxidation-Reduction(p. 347)
• 11.9 Complexation and Chelation(p. 348)
• 11.10 Water Interactions with Other Phases(p. 353)
• 11.11 Aquatic Life(p. 354)
• 11.12 Bacteria(p. 355)
• 11.13 Microbially Mediated Elemental Transitions and Cycles(p. 360)
• Chapter Summary(p. 366)
• Chapter 12. Water Pollution(p. 375)
• 12.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants(p. 375)
• 12.2 Elemental Pollutants(p. 377)
• 12.3 Heavy Metals(p. 378)
• 12.4 Metalloids(p. 380)
• 12.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids(p. 381)
• 12.6 Inorganic Species(p. 384)
• 12.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication(p. 386)
• 12.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity(p. 387)
• 12.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants(p. 389)
• 12.10 Organic Pollutants(p. 390)
• 12.11 Pesticides in Water(p. 396)
• 12.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls(p. 404)
• 12.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment(p. 406)
• Chapter Summary(p. 410)
• Chapter 13. Water Treatment(p. 419)
• 13.1 Water Treatment and Water Use(p. 419)
• 13.2 Municipal Water Treatment(p. 419)
• 13.3 Treatment of Water For Industrial Use(p. 420)
• 13.4 Sewage Treatment(p. 421)
• 13.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment(p. 427)
• 13.6 Removal of Solids(p. 428)
• 13.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals(p. 430)
• 13.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics(p. 435)
• 13.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics(p. 437)
• 13.10 Sludge(p. 443)
• 13.11 Water Disinfection(p. 445)
• 13.12 Natural Water Purification Processes(p. 447)
• 13.13 Water Reuse and Recycling(p. 449)
• Chapter Summary(p. 450)
• Chapter 14. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry(p. 461)
• 14.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry(p. 461)
• 14.2 Importance of the Atmosphere(p. 462)
• 14.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere(p. 463)
• 14.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere(p. 467)
• 14.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather(p. 469)
• 14.6 Inversions and Air Pollution(p. 476)
• 14.7 Global Climate and Microclimate(p. 477)
• 14.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere(p. 479)
• 14.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere(p. 488)
• 14.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen(p. 489)
• 14.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen(p. 492)
• 14.12 Atmospheric Water(p. 492)
• Chapter Summary(p. 493)
• Chapter 15. Inorganic Air Pollutants(p. 501)
• 15.1 Introduction(p. 501)
• 15.2 Particles in the Atmosphere(p. 502)
• 15.3 The Composition of Inorganic Particles(p. 503)
• 15.4 Effects of Particles(p. 507)
• 15.5 Control of Particulate Emissions(p. 508)
• 15.6 Carbon Oxides(p. 511)
• 15.7 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle(p. 516)
• 15.8 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere(p. 518)
• 15.9 Acid Rain(p. 522)
• 15.10 Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Compounds(p. 526)
• 15.11 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide(p. 527)
• Chapter Summary(p. 528)
• Chapter 16. Organic Air Pollutants and Photochemical Smog(p. 537)
• 16.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere(p. 537)
• 16.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources(p. 538)
• 16.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons(p. 540)
• 16.4 Nonhydrocarbon Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere(p. 542)
• 16.5 Photochemical Smog(p. 550)
• 16.6 Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions(p. 550)
• 16.7 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere(p. 554)
• 16.8 Mechanisms of Smog Formation(p. 555)
• 16.9 Inorganic Products from Smog(p. 562)
• 16.10 Effects of Smog(p. 563)
• Chapter Summary(p. 566)
• Chapter 17. The Geosphere and Geochemistry(p. 575)
• 17.1 Introduction(p. 575)
• 17.2 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere(p. 576)
• 17.3 Physical Form of the Geosphere(p. 581)
• 17.5 Clays(p. 585)
• 17.6 Geochemistry(p. 587)
• 17.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere(p. 589)
• 17.8 Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere(p. 592)
• 17.9 Earthquakes(p. 593)
• 17.10 Volcanoes(p. 595)
• 17.11 Surface Earth Movement(p. 597)
• 17.12 Stream and River Phenomena(p. 600)
• 17.13 Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface(p. 601)
• 17.14 Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface(p. 604)
• 17.15 Effects of Ice(p. 604)
• 17.16 Effects of Human Activities(p. 606)
• 17.17 Air Pollution and the Geosphere(p. 607)
• 17.18 Water Pollution and the Geosphere(p. 608)
• 17.19 Waste Disposal and the Geosphere(p. 609)
• Chapter Summary(p. 611)
• Chapter 18. Soil Environmental Chemistry(p. 619)
• 18.1 Soil and Agriculture(p. 619)
• 18.2 Nature and Composition of Soil(p. 622)
• 18.3 Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils(p. 630)
• 18.4 Macronutrients in Soil(p. 632)
• 18.5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil(p. 633)
• 18.6 Micronutrients in Soil(p. 637)
• 18.7 Fertilizers(p. 638)
• 18.8 Wastes and Pollutants in Soil(p. 640)
• 18.9 Soil Loss and Degradation(p. 643)
• 18.10 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture(p. 645)
• 18.11 Agriculture and Health(p. 647)
• Chapter Summary(p. 648)
• Chapter 19. Industrial Ecology and Environmental Chemistry(p. 655)
• 19.1 Introduction and History(p. 655)
• 19.2 Industrial Ecosystems(p. 656)
• 19.3 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem(p. 658)
• 19.4 Industrial Metabolism(p. 661)
• 19.5 Levels of Materials Utilization(p. 664)
• 19.6 Links to Other Environmental Spheres(p. 665)
• 19.7 Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology(p. 667)
• 19.8 Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity(p. 669)
• 19.9 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop(p. 674)
• 19.10 Life-Cycle Assessment(p. 676)
• 19.11 Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products(p. 678)
• 19.12 Design for Environment(p. 680)
• 19.13 Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem(p. 682)
• 19.14 The Kalundborg Example(p. 684)
• 19.15 Societal Factors and the Environmental Ethic(p. 685)
• Chapter Summary(p. 686)
• Chapter 20. Green Chemistry for A Sustainable Future(p. 693)
• 20.1 Introduction(p. 693)
• 20.2 The Key Concept of Atom Economy(p. 695)
• 20.3 Hazard Reduction(p. 695)
• 20.4 Feedstocks(p. 696)
• 20.5 Reagents(p. 700)
• 20.6 Media(p. 702)
• 20.7 The Special Importance of Solvents(p. 703)
• 20.8 Synthetic and Processing Pathways(p. 707)
• 20.9 The Role of Catalysts(p. 708)
• 20.10 Biological Alternatives(p. 710)
• 20.11 Applications of Green Chemistry(p. 712)
• Chapter Summary(p. 713)
• Chapter 21. Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes(p. 721)
• 21.1 Introduction(p. 721)
• 21.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes(p. 723)
• 21.3 Sources of Wastes(p. 725)
• 21.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances(p. 728)
• 21.5 Reactive Substances(p. 731)
• 21.6 Corrosive Substances(p. 733)
• 21.7 Toxic Substances(p. 735)
• 21.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes(p. 735)
• 21.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes(p. 736)
• 21.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes(p. 737)
• 21.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes(p. 738)
• 21.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere(p. 740)
• 21.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere(p. 741)
• 21.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere(p. 744)
• 21.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere(p. 746)
• 21.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere(p. 748)
• Chapter Summary(p. 750)
• Chapter 22. Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment(p. 759)
• 22.1 Introduction(p. 759)
• 22.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization(p. 760)
• 22.3 Recycling(p. 763)
• 22.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment(p. 767)
• 22.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview(p. 771)
• 22.6 Photolytic Reactions(p. 777)
• 22.7 Thermal Treatment Methods(p. 778)
• 22.8 Biodegradation of Wastes(p. 782)
• 22.9 Land Treatment and Composting(p. 784)
• 22.10 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal(p. 785)
• 22.11 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes(p. 788)
• 22.12 Leachate and Gas Emissions(p. 790)
• 22.13 In-Situ Treatment(p. 792)
• Chapter Summary(p. 795)
• Chapter 23. Toxicological Chemistry(p. 807)
• 23.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry(p. 807)
• 23.2 Dose-Response Relationships(p. 809)
• 23.3 Relative Toxicities(p. 810)
• 23.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity(p. 810)
• 23.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances(p. 812)
• 23.6 Toxicological Chemistry(p. 813)
• 23.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase(p. 815)
• 23.8 Teratogensis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogensis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems(p. 818)
• 23.9 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles(p. 824)
• 23.10 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms(p. 824)
• 23.11 Toxic Inorganic Compounds(p. 826)
• 23.12 Toxic Organometallic Compounds(p. 828)
• 23.13 Toxicological Chemistry of Organic Compounds(p. 829)
• Chapter Summary(p. 839)
• Chapter 24. Industrial Ecology, Resources, and Energy(p. 849)
• 24.1 Introduction(p. 849)
• 24.2 Minerals in the Geosphere(p. 850)
• 24.3 Extraction and Mining(p. 851)
• 24.4 Metals(p. 853)
• 24.5 Metals(p. 853)
• 24.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources(p. 862)
• 24.7 Phosphates(p. 863)
• 24.8 Sulfur(p. 864)
• 24.9 Wood--a Major Renewable Resource(p. 866)
• 24.10 The Energy Problem(p. 867)
• 24.11 World Energy Resources(p. 868)
• 24.12 Energy Conservation(p. 869)
• 24.13 Energy Conversion Processes(p. 870)
• 24.14 Petroleum and Natural Gas(p. 871)
• 24.15 Coal(p. 874)
• 24.16 Nuclear Fission Power(p. 878)
• 24.17 Nuclear Fusion Power(p. 880)
• 24.18 Geothermal Energy(p. 882)
• 24.19 The Sun: an Ideal Energy Source(p. 882)
• 24.20 Energy from Biomass(p. 885)
• 24.21 Future Energy Sources(p. 887)
• 24.22 Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology(p. 887)
• Chapter Summary(p. 890)
• Chapter 25. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(p. 897)
• 25.1 Nature and Importance of Chemical Analysis(p. 897)
• 25.2 The Chemical Analysis Process(p. 898)
• 25.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis(p. 899)
• 25.4 Error and Treatment of Data(p. 900)
• 25.5 Gravimetric Analysis(p. 902)
• 25.6 Volumetric Analysis: Titration(p. 904)
• 25.7 Spectrophotometric Methods(p. 908)
• 25.8 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis(p. 912)
• 25.9 Chromatography(p. 913)
• 25.10 Mass Spectrometry(p. 915)
• 25.11 Automated Analyses(p. 916)
• 25.12 Immunoassay Screening(p. 917)
• Chapter Summary(p. 918)
• Chapter 26. Environmental and Xenobiotics Analysis(p. 925)
• 26.1 Introduction to Environmental Chemical Analysis(p. 925)
• 26.2 Analysis of Water Samples(p. 926)
• 26.3 Classical Methods of Water Analysis(p. 928)
• 26.4 Instrumental Methods of Water Analysis(p. 929)
• 26.5 Analysis of Wastes and Solids(p. 934)
• 26.6 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure(p. 941)
• 26.7 Atmospheric Monitoring(p. 941)
• 26.8 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics(p. 951)
• Chapter Summary(p. 958)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Stanley E. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965