Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

This new edition of the classic astronomy text contains new information on the Voyager 2 mission to Uranus, Halley's Comet, superclusters and voids, and the inflationary universe model. Other new material covers image processing, solar activity and seismic studies, and high-energy astrophysics. Chapters have been carefully revised and there is much new artwork. Style is informal and non-mathematical, and development of the material progresses smoothly from the concrete to the abstract. The main theme of cosmic evolution and the sub-theme of scientific model-building are carried through the book's four parts: a history of cosmology, the solar system, stars and steller systems, and current speculations. Chapters include new lists of key terms, new problems incorporating algebra, and multiple-choice questions keyed to learning-objectives. A seasonal star chart has also been added.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Preface(p. xi)
• Concept Clusters(p. xv)
• How to Study Astronomy(p. xvii)
• Part 1 Changing Conceptions of the Cosmos(p. 1)
• Chapter 1 From Chaos to Cosmos(p. 2)
• 1.1 The Visible Sky(p. 4)
• Constellations(p. 4)
• Angular Measurement(p. 4)
• Motions of the Stars(p. 4)
• 1.2 The Motions of the Sun(p. 7)
• Motions Relative to the Horizon(p. 8)
• Motions Relative to the Stars(p. 9)
• View from the Southern Hemisphere(p. 12)
• 1.3 The Motions of the Moon(p. 12)
• Motions Relative to the Stars(p. 12)
• Phases(p. 13)
• 1.4 The Motions of the Planets(p. 14)
• Retrograde Motion(p. 14)
• Elongations, Conjunctions, and Oppositions(p. 15)
• Angular Speed and Relative Distances(p. 16)
• 1.5 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon(p. 16)
• Enrichment Focus 1.1 Precession of the Equinoxes(p. 11)
• Enrichment Focus 1.2 Angular Size and Speed(p. 18)
• Chapter 2 The Birth of Cosmological Models(p. 22)
• 2.1 Scientific Models(p. 24)
• Building Models(p. 24)
• Evaluation of Models(p. 24)
• 2.2 Greek Models of the Cosmos(p. 25)
• Harmony and Geometry(p. 25)
• A Physical Geocentric Model(p. 26)
• A Contrary View: A Sun-Centered Model(p. 27)
• Stellar Parallax in a Finite Cosmos(p. 27)
• Expanding the Geocentric Model(p. 29)
• 2.3 Claudius Ptolemy: A Total Geocentric Model(p. 31)
• A Geocentric Model Refined(p. 31)
• Nonuniform Motion(p. 32)
• Ptolemy's Complete Model(p. 34)
• The Size of the Cosmos(p. 34)
• Model Evaluation(p. 35)
• 2.4 Describing Basic Observations with a Geocentric Model(p. 35)
• Enrichment Focus 2.1 Surveying the Earth(p. 28)
• Chapter 3 The New Cosmic Order(p. 40)
• 3.1 Copernicus the Conservative(p. 42)
• The Heliocentric Concept(p. 43)
• The Plan of De Revolutionibus(p. 43)
• 3.2 The Heliocentric Model of Copernicus(p. 44)
• Details of the Model(p. 44)
• Retrograde Motion Explained Naturally(p. 45)
• Planetary Distances(p. 46)
• Relative Distances of the Planets(p. 46)
• Problems with the Heliocentric Model(p. 48)
• The Impact of the Heliocentric Model(p. 49)
• 3.3 Tycho Brahe: First Master of Astronomical Measurement(p. 50)
• The New Star of 1572(p. 50)
• Tycho's Hybrid Model(p. 50)
• 3.4 Johannes Kepler and the Cosmic Harmonies(p. 52)
• The Harmonies of the Spheres(p. 51)
• 3.5 Kepler's New Astronomy(p. 53)
• The Battle with Mars(p. 53)
• Properties of Ellipses(p. 54)
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion(p. 55)
• The New Astronomy(p. 57)
• Enrichment Focus 3.1 Sidereal and Synodic Periods in a Heliocentric Model(p. 47)
• Enrichment Focus 3.2 Geometry of Ellipses(p. 54)
• Chapter 4 The Clockwork Universe(p. 62)
• 4.1 Galileo: Advocate of the Heliocentric Model(p. 64)
• The Magical Telescope(p. 64)
• The Starry Messenger(p. 66)
• Galileo's Discoveries and the Copernican Model(p. 66)
• The Crime of Galileo(p. 66)
• 4.2 Galileo and a New Physics of Motion(p. 68)
• Acceleration, Velocity, and Speed(p. 68)
• Natural Motion Revisited(p. 69)
• Forced Motion: Gravity(p. 70)
• Planets and Pendulums(p. 70)
• Galileo's Cosmology(p. 71)
• 4.3 Newton: A Physical Model of the Cosmos(p. 72)
• The Prodigious Young Newton(p. 72)
• The Magnificent Principia(p. 73)
• Forces and Motions(p. 73)
• Newton's Laws of Motion(p. 74)
• 4.4 Newton and Gravitation(p. 76)
• Centripetal Acceleration(p. 76)
• Newton's Law of Gravitation(p. 78)
• 4.5 Cosmic Consequences of Universal Laws(p. 81)
• The Earth's Rotation(p. 81)
• Precession of the Earth's Axis(p. 81)
• The Earth's Revolution and the Sun's Mass(p. 82)
• Gravity and Orbits(p. 82)
• Orbits and Escape Speed(p. 84)
• Newton's Cosmology(p. 85)
• Enrichment Focus 4.1 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration(p. 69)
• Enrichment Focus 4.2 Newton, the Apple, and the Moon(p. 80)
• Enrichment Focus 4.3 The Mass of the Sun(p. 81)
• Enrichment Focus 4.4 Escape Speed(p. 86)
• Chapter 5 The Birth of Astrophysics(p. 90)
• 5.1 Sunlight and Spectroscopy(p. 92)
• Atoms and Matter(p. 92)
• A Model of the Atom(p. 92)
• Simple Spectroscopy(p. 93)
• 5.2 Analyzing Sunlight(p. 94)
• Kirchhoff's Rules(p. 96)
• The Conservation of Energy(p. 97)
• Kinetic Energy(p. 98)
• Potential Energy(p. 99)
• 5.3 Spectra and Atoms(p. 99)
• Light and Electromagnetic Radiation(p. 99)
• Waves(p. 99)
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum(p. 100)
• Atoms, Light, and Radiation(p. 101)
• Solving the Puzzle of Atomic Spectra(p. 102)
• Energy Levels(p. 103)
• Other Atoms(p. 105)
• 5.4 Spectra from Atoms(p. 105)
• Absorption-Line Spectra(p. 106)
• Enrichment Focus 5.1 Kinetic Energy(p. 98)
• Enrichment Focus 5.2 Energy and Light(p. 102)
• Chapter 6 Telescopes and Our Insight into the Cosmos(p. 110)
• 6.1 Observations and Models(p. 112)
• 6.2 Visible Astronomy: Optical Telescopes(p. 113)
• The Basis of Optics(p. 113)
• Optics and Images(p. 114)
• Telescopes(p. 115)
• Functions of a Telescope(p. 116)
• Next Generation of Telescopes(p. 118)
• New Optical Techniques(p. 119)
• 6.3 Invisible Astronomy(p. 120)
• Ground-Based Radio(p. 121)
• Resolving Power and Radio Interferometers(p. 122)
• Ground-Based Infrared(p. 123)
• Space Astronomy(p. 124)
• 6.4 Image Collection and Processing(p. 125)
• Understanding Intensity Maps(p. 125)
• Photography(p. 126)
• Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)(p. 126)
• Enrichment Focus 6.1 Properties of Telescopes(p. 117)
• Chapter 7 Einstein's Vision(p. 130)
• 7.1 Natural Motion Reexamined(p. 133)
• Newton's Assumptions(p. 133)
• Motion and Geometry(p. 133)
• 7.2 The Rise of Relativity(p. 134)
• Mass and Energy, Space and Time(p. 134)
• The General Theory of Relativity(p. 135)
• The Principle of Equivalence(p. 135)
• Weightlessness and Natural Motion(p. 136)
• 7.3 The Geometry of Spacetime(p. 137)
• Euclidean Geometry(p. 137)
• Non-Euclidean Geometry(p. 138)
• Local Geometry and Gravity(p. 138)
• The Curvature of Spacetime(p. 139)
• Spacetime Curvature in the Solar System(p. 139)
• Experimental Tests of General Relativity(p. 141)
• 7.4 Geometry and the Universe(p. 142)
• Cosmic Geometry(p. 142)
• 7.5 Relativity and the Cosmos(p. 143)
• Escape Speed and the Critical Density(p. 143)
• The Future of the Universe(p. 143)
• Part 2 The Planets: Past and Present(p. 147)
• Chapter 8 The Earth: An Evolving Planet(p. 148)
• 8.1 The Mass and Density of the Solid Earth(p. 150)
• 8.2 The Earth's Interior and Age(p. 150)
• 8.3 The Earth's Magnetic Field(p. 153)
• Origin(p. 155)
• Magnetosphere(p. 155)
• 8.4 The Blanket of the Atmosphere(p. 155)
• The Greenhouse Effect(p. 156)
• Atmospheric Circulation(p. 157)
• 8.5 The Evolution of the Crust(p. 157)
• Planetary Evolution and Energy(p. 158)
• Volcanism and Plate Tectonics(p. 158)
• 8.6 Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans(p. 159)
• Origin and Development of the Oceans(p. 160)
• Evolution of the Atmosphere(p. 161)
• Evolution of the Earth's Surface Temperature(p. 161)
• 8.7 The Earth's Evolution: The Big Picture(p. 161)
• 8.8 Models of Planets(p. 163)
• Enrichment Focus 8.1 Radioactivity and the Dating of Rocks(p. 154)
• Chapter 9 Moon and Mercury, Mars and Venus: Terrestrial Planets(p. 166)
• 9.1 General Orbital and Physical Characteristics(p. 168)
• Moon(p. 168)
• Mercury(p. 170)
• Mars(p. 172)
• Venus(p. 172)
• 9.2 Surface Environments(p. 174)
• Moon(p. 174)
• Mercury(p. 179)
• Mars(p. 180)
• Venus(p. 183)
• The Active Surface of Venus(p. 184)
• 9.3 Magnetic Fields(p. 186)
• Moon(p. 186)
• Mercury(p. 187)
• Mars(p. 188)
• Venus(p. 188)
• 9.4 History and Evolution(p. 189)
• Moon(p. 189)
• Mercury(p. 189)
• Mars(p. 191)
• Venus(p. 192)
• Enrichment Focus 9.1 Tides and Tidal Friction(p. 169)
• Enrichment Focus 9.2 Distances in the Solar System(p. 171)
• Enrichment Focus 9.3 Impact Cratering(p. 177)
• Chapter 10 The Jovian Planets: Primitive Worlds(p. 196)
• 10.1 Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens(p. 198)
• Physical Characteristics(p. 200)
• Atmospheric Features and Composition(p. 200)
• A Model of the Interior(p. 202)
• Magnetic Field(p. 203)
• 10.2 The Many Moons and Rings of Jupiter(p. 203)
• Io(p. 204)
• Europa(p. 205)
• Ganymede(p. 205)
• Callisto(p. 206)
• The Rings of Jupiter(p. 207)
• 10.3 Saturn: Jewel of the Solar System(p. 207)
• Atmosphere and Interior(p. 207)
• Similarities to Jupiter(p. 208)
• 10.4 The Moons and Rings of Saturn(p. 209)
• Titan(p. 211)
• Other Moons(p. 211)
• Ring System(p. 213)
• 10.5 Uranus: The First New World(p. 214)
• Atmospheric and Physical Features(p. 214)
• Moons and Rings(p. 215)
• Magnetic Field(p. 216)
• 10.6 Neptune: Guardian of the Deep(p. 217)
• Physical Properties(p. 217)
• Moons and Rings(p. 217)
• Atmospheric Features(p. 220)
• Magnetic Field(p. 220)
• 10.7 Pluto and Charon: Guardians of the Dark(p. 221)
• Orbital and Physical Properties(p. 221)
• Charon: Pluto's Companion Planet(p. 222)
• Enrichment Focus 10.1 The Doppler Shift(p. 201)
• Chapter 11 The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System(p. 226)
• 11.1 Debris between the Planets: Asteroids(p. 228)
• Asteroids: Minor Planets(p. 228)
• Composition(p. 229)
• 11.2 Comets: Snowballs in Space(p. 229)
• Composition(p. 232)
• Orbits(p. 233)
• The Comet Cloud(p. 233)
• Interactions with the Solar Wind(p. 233)
• Halley's Comet(p. 234)
• Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and the Great Comet Crash on Jupiter(p. 237)
• 11.3 Meteors and Meteorites(p. 237)
• Types of Meteorites(p. 238)
• Origin of Meteorites(p. 238)
• 11.4 Pieces and Puzzles of the Solar System(p. 240)
• Chemistry(p. 240)
• Dynamics(p. 240)
• Models of Origin(p. 241)
• 11.5 Basics of Nebular Models(p. 241)
• Angular Momentum(p. 241)
• Heating of the Nebula(p. 244)
• 11.6 The Formation of the Planets(p. 244)
• Making Planets(p. 244)
• Chemistry and Origin(p. 245)
• Jupiter and Saturn: A Different Story?(p. 247)
• Our Moon: A Different Story!(p. 248)
• Evaluation of the Nebular Model(p. 248)
• Enrichment Focus 11.1 Momentum and Angular Momentum(p. 242)
• Part 3 The Universe of Stars(p. 251)
• Chapter 12 Our Sun: Local Star(p. 252)
• 12.1 A Solar Physical Checkup(p. 254)
• How Far?(p. 254)
• How Big?(p. 254)
• How Massive?(p. 254)
• How Dense?(p. 254)
• 12.2 Ordinary Gases(p. 255)
• Temperature(p. 255)
• Pressure(p. 256)
• 12.3 The Sun's Continuous Spectrum(p. 256)
• Luminosity(p. 256)
• Surface Temperature and Blackbody Radiators(p. 257)
• Opacity(p. 260)
• 12.4 The Solar Absorption-Line Spectrum(p. 260)
• The Origin of Absorption Lines(p. 260)
• The Chemical Composition of the Photosphere(p. 261)
• 12.5 Energy Flow in the Sun(p. 262)
• Conduction, Convection, Radiation(p. 262)
• Photosphere(p. 262)
• Chromosphere(p. 263)
• Corona(p. 263)
• Solar Wind(p. 265)
• 12.6 The Solar Interior(p. 265)
• Energy Sources(p. 265)
• Nuclear Transformations(p. 265)
• Fusion Reactions(p. 266)
• Solar Neutrino Problem(p. 268)
• Solar Vibrations and Interior(p. 268)
• 12.7 The Active Sun(p. 269)
• Sunspots(p. 269)
• Sunspot Cycle(p. 269)
• Physical Nature of Sunspots(p. 271)
• Flares(p. 271)
• Coronal Loops and Holes(p. 272)
• Enrichment Focus 12.1 The Sun's Luminosity(p. 257)
• Enrichment Focus 12.2 Emission from Blackbodies(p. 259)
• Chapter 13 The Stars as Suns(p. 278)
• 13.1 Some Messages of Starlight(p. 280)
• Brightness and Flux(p. 281)
• Flux and Luminosity(p. 281)
• The Inverse-Square Law for Light(p. 283)
• 13.2 Stellar Distances: Parallaxes(p. 284)
• 13.3 Stellar Colors, Temperatures, and Sizes(p. 287)
• Color and Temperature(p. 287)
• Temperature and Radius(p. 287)
• Direct Measurement of Diameters(p. 289)
• 13.4 Spectral Classification of Stars(p. 289)
• Temperature and the Balmer Lines(p. 289)
• Spectral Classification(p. 290)
• 13.5 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram(p. 292)
• Temperature versus Luminosity(p. 293)
• Spectroscopic Distances(p. 295)
• 13.6 Weighing and Sizing Stars: Binary Systems(p. 296)
• Binary Stars(p. 296)
• Spectroscopic Binary Systems(p. 298)
• The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Main-Sequence Stars(p. 298)
• Stellar Densities(p. 299)
• Stellar Lifetimes(p. 300)
• Enrichment Focus 13.1 Flux and Magnitude(p. 282)
• Enrichment Focus 13.2 Heliocentric (Trigonometric) Stellar Parallax(p. 286)
• Chapter 14 Starbirth and Interstellar Matter(p. 304)
• 14.1 The Interstellar Medium: Gas(p. 306)
• Bright Nebulas(p. 306)
• Interstellar Atoms(p. 306)
• 21-cm Emission from Atomic Hydrogen(p. 307)
• Clouds and Intercloud Gas(p. 310)
• Interstellar Molecules(p. 310)
• Molecular Clouds(p. 311)
• 14.2 The Interstellar Medium: Dust(p. 312)
• Cosmic Dust(p. 312)
• Dust and Infrared Observations(p. 315)
• The Nature of Interstellar Dust(p. 315)
• Dust and the Formation of Molecules(p. 316)
• Formation of Cosmic Dust(p. 317)
• 14.3 Starbirth: Theoretical Ideas(p. 317)
• Collapse Models(p. 317)
• Protostar Formation(p. 317)
• Collapse with Rotation(p. 318)
• 14.4 Starbirth: Observational Clues(p. 319)
• Signposts for the Birth of Massive Stars(p. 320)
• The Birth of Massive Stars(p. 320)
• The Birth of Solar-Mass Stars(p. 320)
• Molecular Outflows and Starbirth(p. 322)
• Planetary Systems?(p. 323)
• Brown Dwarfs: Failed Stars(p. 325)
• 14.5 Neighboring Planetary Systems: Found!(p. 326)
• Center-of-Mass Motions(p. 326)
• Doppler Shift Detections(p. 327)
• Enrichment Focus 14.1 Emission Nebulas: Forbidden Lines(p. 310)
• Chapter 15 Star Lives(p. 332)
• 15.1 Stellar Evolution and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram(p. 334)
• Classifying Objects(p. 334)
• Time and the H-R Diagram(p. 335)
• 15.2 Stellar Anatomy(p. 336)
• Pressure and Energy Balance(p. 336)
• Energy Transport(p. 336)
• 15.3 Star Models(p. 337)
• Goals of Models(p. 338)
• General Results(p. 338)
• 15.4 Energy Generation and the Chemical Compositions of Stars(p. 338)
• Hydrogen Burning(p. 338)
• Helium and Carbon Burning(p. 339)
• 15.5 Theoretical Evolution of a 1-Solar-Mass Star(p. 340)
• Evolution to the Main Sequence(p. 340)
• Evolution on the Main Sequence(p. 341)
• Evolution off the Main Sequence(p. 342)
• Evolution to the End(p. 343)
• The Fate of the Earth(p. 344)
• Lower-Mass Stars(p. 344)
• Chemical Composition and Evolution(p. 344)
• 15.6 Theoretical Evolution of Massive Stars(p. 344)
• Evolution of a 5-Solar-Mass Star(p. 345)
• More Massive Stars(p. 345)
• 15.7 Observational Evidence for Stellar Evolution(p. 346)
• Stars in Groups(p. 346)
• Globular Clusters(p. 347)
• Stellar Populations(p. 349)
• Comparison with the H-R Diagram of Clusters(p. 350)
• Variable Stars(p. 351)
• Central Stars of Planetary Nebulas(p. 352)
• 15.8 The Synthesis of Elements in Stars(p. 353)
• Nucleosynthesis in Red Giant Stars(p. 353)
• Enrichment Focus 15.1 Degenerate Gases(p. 342)
• Chapter 16 Stardeath(p. 358)
• 16.1 White Dwarf Stars: Common Corpses(p. 360)
• Physics of Dense Gases(p. 360)
• White Dwarfs in Theory(p. 360)
• Observations of White Dwarfs(p. 361)
• 16.2 Neutron Stars: Compact Corpses(p. 361)
• Degenerate Neutron Gases(p. 361)
• Physical Properties(p. 362)
• 16.3 Novas: Mild Stellar Explosions(p. 362)
• Ordinary Novas(p. 363)
• A Nova Model(p. 363)
• 16.4 Supernovas: Cataclysmic Explosions(p. 364)
• Classifying Supernovas(p. 365)
• The Origin of Supernovas(p. 366)
• Supernova 1987A(p. 367)
• Supernova Remnants(p. 368)
• The Crab Nebula: A Supernova Remnant(p. 371)
• 16.5 The Manufacture of Heavy Elements(p. 373)
• Nucleosythesis in Stars(p. 373)
• Nucleosynthesis in a Supernova(p. 373)
• Other Sites of Nucleosynthesis(p. 374)
• 16.6 Pulsars: Neutron Stars in Rotation(p. 374)
• Observed Characteristics(p. 375)
• Clock Mechanism(p. 375)
• Pulsars and Supernovas(p. 375)
• A Lighthouse Model for Pulsars(p. 376)
• Binary Radio Pulsars(p. 377)
• Very Fast Pulsars(p. 377)
• Pulsars with Planets(p. 378)
• 16.7 Black Holes: The Ultimate Corpses(p. 378)
• The Schwarzschild Radius(p. 379)
• The Singularity(p. 380)
• Perilous Journey into a Black Hole(p. 380)
• 16.8 Observing Black Holes(p. 381)
• Binary X-Ray Sources(p. 381)
• Observing Black Holes(p. 382)
• 16.9 High-Energy Bursters Everywhere!(p. 383)
• X-Ray Bursters(p. 383)
• Gamma-Ray Bursters: Mystery Solved?(p. 383)
• Enrichment Focus 16.1 Thermal and Nonthermal (Synchrotron) Emission(p. 370)
• Part 4 Galaxies and Cosmic Evolution(p. 387)
• Chapter 17 The Evolution of the Galaxy(p. 388)
• 17.1 The Galaxy's Overall Structure(p. 390)
• 17.2 Galactic Rotation: Matter in Motion(p. 392)
• The Sun's Speed around the Galaxy(p. 392)
• The Sun's Distance from the Center(p. 392)
• Rotation Curve and the Galaxy's Mass(p. 393)
• 17.3 Galactic Structure from Optical Observations(p. 395)
• Spiral Tracers and Spiral Structure(p. 395)
• Optical Maps of Spiral Structure(p. 396)
• 17.4 Exploring Galactic Structure by Radio Astronomy(p. 397)
• Radial Velocities and Rotation(p. 397)
• Radio Maps of Spiral Structure(p. 397)
• 17.5 The Evolution of Spiral Structure(p. 398)
• The Windup Problem(p. 398)
• The Density-Wave Model(p. 399)
• Status of the Density-Wave Model(p. 400)
• 17.6 The Heart of the Galaxy(p. 401)
• Radio Observations(p. 401)
• Infrared Observations(p. 402)
• X-Rays(p. 402)
• The Inner 30 Light Years(p. 403)
• Does a Black Hole Lurk in the Core?(p. 403)
• 17.7 The Halo of the Galaxy(p. 404)
• Globular Clusters(p. 404)
• Other Material in the Halo(p. 405)
• 17.8 A History of Our Galaxy(p. 405)
• Populations and Positions(p. 405)
• The Birth of the Galaxy(p. 406)
• Enrichment Focus 17.1 The Mass of the Galaxy(p. 394)
• Chapter 18 The Universe of Galaxies(p. 410)
• 18.1 The Extragalactic Debate(p. 412)
• Basic Arguments(p. 412)
• The Debate's Resolution(p. 413)
• 18.2 Normal Galaxies: A Galaxian Zoo(p. 414)
• Ellipticals(p. 415)
• Disks (Spirals)(p. 415)
• Irregulars(p. 416)
• Luminosity Classes(p. 416)
• 18.3 Surveying the Universe of Galaxies(p. 418)
• Judging Distances(p. 418)
• Distance Indicators(p. 418)
• 18.4 Hubble's Law and Distances(p. 419)
• Redshifts and Distances(p. 419)
• "Age" of the Cosmos(p. 422)
• An Accelerating Expansion?(p. 423)
• 18.5 General Characteristics of Galaxies(p. 423)
• Size(p. 423)
• Mass(p. 424)
• Luminosities(p. 425)
• Mass-Luminosity Ratios(p. 425)
• Colors(p. 426)
• Spin(p. 427)
• 18.6 Clusters of Galaxies(p. 427)
• The Local Group(p. 427)
• Other Clusters of Galaxies(p. 429)
• Clusters and the Luminosity of Galaxies(p. 429)
• Interacting Galaxies(p. 430)
• 18.7 Superclusters and Voids(p. 433)
• The Cosmic Tapestry(p. 434)
• 18.8 Intergalactic Medium and Dark Matter(p. 434)
• Enrichment Focus 18.1 Hubble's Constant and the Age of the Universe(p. 422)
• Chapter 19 Cosmic Violence(p. 438)
• 19.1 Violent Activity in Galaxies(p. 440)
• Evidence of Violence in Our Galaxy(p. 440)
• Synchrotron Emission Revisited(p. 441)
• Active Galaxies(p. 441)
• 19.2 Radio Galaxies(p. 442)
• Two High-Profile Active Galaxies(p. 443)
• Structures of Radio Emission(p. 445)
• 19.3 Seyfert Galaxies and BL Lacertae Objects(p. 446)
• Seyfert Galaxies(p. 446)
• BL Lacertae Objects(p. 448)
• 19.4 Quasars: Unraveling the Mystery(p. 449)
• Quasar Redshifts(p. 450)
• General Observed Properties(p. 450)
• The Light from Quasars(p. 451)
• Line Spectra(p. 451)
• Variability in Luminosity(p. 452)
• 19.5 Grand Illusions: Gravitational Lenses(p. 452)
• 19.6 Troubles with Quasars(p. 453)
• Energy Sources in Quasars(p. 455)
• A Generic Quasar and AGN Model(p. 457)
• A Model for Quasars and AGNs(p. 457)
• The Host Galaxies for Quasars(p. 459)
• Enrichment Focus 19.1 Faster Than Light?(p. 456)
• Chapter 20 Cosmic History(p. 462)
• 20.1 Cosmological Assumptions and Observations(p. 464)
• Assumptions(p. 464)
• Observations(p. 466)
• A Brief Review of Cosmology(p. 466)
• 20.2 The Basic Big Bang Model(p. 466)
• 20.3 The Cosmic Background Radiation(p. 467)
• Discovery!(p. 467)
• Confirmation!(p. 468)
• Properties(p. 470)
• 20.4 The Primeval Fireball(p. 470)
• The Hot Start(p. 470)
• Creation of Matter from Photons(p. 471)
• Temperature Greater than 10[superscript 12] K(p. 472)
• Temperature about 10[superscript 12] K(p. 472)
• Temperature about 10[superscript 9] K(p. 472)
• Temperature about 3000 K(p. 473)
• Evidence for the Big Bang(p. 473)
• 20.5 The End of Time?(p. 474)
• 20.6 From Big Bang to Galaxies(p. 475)
• 20.7 Elementary Particles and the Cosmos(p. 476)
• The Forces of Nature(p. 476)
• GUTs and the Cosmos(p. 477)
• GUTs and Galaxy Formation(p. 478)
• 20.8 The Inflationary Universe(p. 479)
• The Flatness Problem(p. 479)
• The Horizon Problem(p. 480)
• Appendix A Units(p. 485)
• Appendix B Planetary Data(p. 489)
• Appendix C Physical Constants and Astronomical Data(p. 494)
• Appendix D Nearby Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue(p. 495)
• Appendix E The Most Luminous Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue(p. 496)
• Appendix F Periodic Table of the Elements(p. 497)
• Expanded Glossary(p. 499)
• Index(p. 533)