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A text for upper undergraduate and graduate level courses in environmental chemistry, chemical engineering, and biology. It deals with natural environmental chemistry processes and pollution; the chemistry process of species, air, water, soil, and the living environment; and hazardous waste and its control. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

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• Chapter 1. Environmental Science, Technology, and Chemistry(p. 1)
• 1.1. What is Environmental Science?(p. 1)
• 1.2. Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry(p. 3)
• 1.3. Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology(p. 5)
• 1.4. Ecology and the Biosphere(p. 7)
• 1.5. Energy and Cycles of Energy(p. 9)
• 1.6. Matter and Cycles of Matter(p. 11)
• 1.7. Human Impact and Pollution(p. 20)
• 1.8. Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers(p. 21)
• Chapter 2. The Anthrosphere, Industrial Ecosystems, and Environmental Chemistry(p. 27)
• 2.1. The Anthrosphere(p. 27)
• 2.2. Technology and the Anthrosphere(p. 28)
• 2.3. Infrastructure(p. 30)
• 2.4. Dwellings(p. 32)
• 2.5. Transportation(p. 34)
• 2.6. Communications(p. 35)
• 2.7. Food and Agriculture(p. 36)
• 2.8. Manufacturing(p. 37)
• 2.9. Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth(p. 41)
• 2.10. Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment(p. 41)
• 2.11. The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology(p. 43)
• 2.12. Environmental Chemistry(p. 48)
• Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry(p. 55)
• 3.1. Water Quality and Quantity(p. 55)
• 3.2. The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance(p. 59)
• 3.3. The Characteristics of Bodies of Water(p. 61)
• 3.4. Aquatic Life(p. 62)
• 3.5. Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry(p. 64)
• 3.6. Gases in Water(p. 64)
• 3.7. Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water(p. 66)
• 3.8. Alkalinity(p. 70)
• 3.9. Calcium and Other Metals in Water(p. 74)
• 3.10. Complexation and Chelation(p. 77)
• 3.11. Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes(p. 80)
• 3.12. Calculations of Species Concentrations(p. 80)
• 3.13. Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands(p. 81)
• 3.14. Complexation by Protonated Ligands(p. 83)
• 3.15. Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA(p. 84)
• 3.16. Polyphosphates in Water(p. 89)
• 3.17. Complexation by Humic Substances(p. 91)
• 3.18. Complexation and Redox Processes(p. 93)
• Chapter 4. Oxidation-Reduction(p. 99)
• 4.1. The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena(p. 99)
• 4.2. The Electron and Redox Reactions(p. 101)
• 4.3. Electron Activity and pE(p. 103)
• 4.4. The Nernst Equation(p. 105)
• 4.5. Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions(p. 106)
• 4.6. The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium(p. 107)
• 4.8. Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole(p. 108)
• 4.9. The Limits of pE in Water(p. 110)
• 4.10. pE Values in Natural Water Systems(p. 112)
• 4.11. pE-pH Diagrams(p. 113)
• 4.12. Corrosion(p. 117)
• Chapter 5. Phase Interactions(p. 121)
• 5.1. Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water(p. 121)
• 5.2. Importance and Formation of Sediments(p. 122)
• 5.3. Solubilities(p. 124)
• 5.4. Colloidal Particles in Water(p. 127)
• 5.5. The Colloidal Properties of Clays(p. 131)
• 5.6. Aggregation of Particles(p. 132)
• 5.7. Surface Sorption by Solids(p. 134)
• 5.8. Ion Exchange with Bottom Sediments(p. 136)
• 5.9. Sorption of Gases--Gases in Interstitial Water(p. 141)
• Chapter 6. Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry(p. 147)
• 6.1. Aquatic Biochemical Processes(p. 147)
• 6.2. Algae(p. 149)
• 6.3. Fungi(p. 151)
• 6.4. Protozoa(p. 151)
• 6.5. Bacteria(p. 152)
• 6.6. The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell(p. 154)
• 6.7. Kinetics of Bacterial Growth(p. 155)
• 6.8. Bacterial Metabolism(p. 156)
• 6.9. Microbial Transformations of Carbon(p. 159)
• 6.10. Biodegradation of Organic Matter(p. 163)
• 6.11. Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen(p. 168)
• 6.12. Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur(p. 173)
• 6.13. Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides(p. 176)
• 6.14. Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids(p. 177)
• 6.15. Microbial Corrosion(p. 180)
• Chapter 7. Water Pollution(p. 187)
• 7.1. Nature and Types of Water Pollutants(p. 187)
• 7.2. Elemental Pollutants(p. 189)
• 7.3. Heavy Metals(p. 190)
• 7.4. Metalloids(p. 193)
• 7.5. Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids(p. 193)
• 7.6. Inorganic Species(p. 196)
• 7.7. Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication(p. 198)
• 7.8. Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity(p. 199)
• 7.9. Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants(p. 201)
• 7.10. Organic Pollutants(p. 202)
• 7.11. Pesticides in Water(p. 208)
• 7.12. Polychlorinated Biphenyls(p. 216)
• 7.13. Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment(p. 219)
• Chapter 8. Water Treatment(p. 229)
• 8.1. Water Treatment and Water Use(p. 229)
• 8.2. Municipal Water Treatment(p. 229)
• 8.3. Treatment of Water for Industrial Use(p. 230)
• 8.4 Sewage Treatment(p. 231)
• 8.5. Industrial Wastewater Treatment(p. 237)
• 8.6. Removal of Solids(p. 238)
• 8.7. Removal of Calcium and Other Metals(p. 240)
• 8.8. Removal of Dissolved Organics(p. 245)
• 8.9. Removal of Dissolved Inorganics(p. 247)
• 8.10. Sludge(p. 253)
• 8.11. Water Disinfection(p. 255)
• 8.12. Natural Water Purification Processes(p. 257)
• 8.13. Water Reuse and Recycling(p. 259)
• Chapter 9. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry(p. 265)
• 9.1. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry(p. 265)
• 9.2. Importance of the Atmosphere(p. 267)
• 9.3. Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere(p. 268)
• 9.4. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere(p. 271)
• 9.5. Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather(p. 276)
• 9.6. Inversions and Air Pollution(p. 281)
• 9.7. Global Climate and Microclimate(p. 283)
• 9.9. Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere(p. 294)
• 9.10. Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen(p. 295)
• 9.11. Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen(p. 299)
• 9.12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide(p. 300)
• 9.13. Atmospheric Water(p. 302)
• Chapter 10. Particles in the Atmosphere(p. 307)
• 10.1. Particles in the Atmosphere(p. 307)
• 10.2. Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere(p. 309)
• 10.3. Physical Processes for Particle Formation(p. 311)
• 10.4. Chemical Processes for Particle Formation(p. 311)
• 10.5. The Composition of Inorganic Particles(p. 314)
• 10.6. Toxic Metals(p. 317)
• 10.7 Radioactive Particles(p. 318)
• 10.8. The Composition of Organic Particles(p. 319)
• 10.9. Effects of Particles(p. 320)
• 10.10. Water as Particulate Matter(p. 321)
• 10.11. Control of Particulate Emissions(p. 322)
• Chapter 11. Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants(p. 329)
• 11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases(p. 329)
• 11.2. Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide(p. 329)
• 11.3. Fate of Atmospheric CO(p. 330)
• 11.4. Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle(p. 331)
• 11.5. Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere(p. 332)
• 11.6. Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere(p. 338)
• 10.7. Acid Rain(p. 345)
• 10.8. Ammonia in the Atmosphere(p. 346)
• 11.9. Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds(p. 346)
• 11.10. Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide(p. 348)
• Chapter 12. Organic Air Pollutants(p. 353)
• 12.1. Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere(p. 353)
• 12.2. Organic Compounds from Natural Sources(p. 354)
• 12.3. Pollutant Hydrocarbons(p. 357)
• 12.4. Aryl Hydrocarbons(p. 111)
• 12.5. Aldehydes and Ketones(p. 362)
• 12.6. Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds(p. 364)
• 12.7. Organohalide Compounds(p. 367)
• 12.8 Organosulfur Compounds(p. 372)
• 12.9. Organonitrogen Compounds(p. 374)
• Chapter 13. Photochemical Smog(p. 379)
• 13.1. Introduction(p. 379)
• 13.2. Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions(p. 380)
• 13.3. Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere(p. 384)
• 13.4. Overview of Smog Formation(p. 387)
• 13.5. Mechanisms of Smog Formation(p. 388)
• 13.6. Reactivity of Hydrocarbons(p. 396)
• 13.7. Inorganic Products from Smog(p. 396)
• 13.8. Effects of Smog(p. 398)
• Chapter 14. The Endangered Global Atmosphere(p. 405)
• 14.1. Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere(p. 405)
• 14.2. Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming(p. 407)
• 14.3. Acid Rain(p. 413)
• 14.4. Ozone Layer Destruction(p. 417)
• 14.5. Photochemical Smog(p. 420)
• 14.6 Nuclear Winter(p. 423)
• 14.7. What Is to Be Done?(p. 425)
• Chapter 15. The Geosphere and Geochemistry(p. 431)
• 15.1. Introduction(p. 431)
• 15.2. The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere(p. 432)
• 15.3. Physical Form of the Geosphere(p. 437)
• 15.4. Internal Processes(p. 439)
• 15.5. Surface Processes(p. 441)
• 15.6 Sediments(p. 442)
• 15.7. Clays(p. 444)
• 15.8. Geochemistry(p. 445)
• 15.9. Groundwater in the Geosphere(p. 448)
• 15.10. Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere(p. 450)
• 15.11. Earthquakes(p. 452)
• 15.12 Volcanoes(p. 454)
• 15.13. Surface Earth Movement(p. 455)
• 15.14. Stream and River Phenomena(p. 456)
• 15.15. Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface(p. 459)
• 15.16. Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface(p. 460)
• 15.17 Effects of Ice(p. 462)
• 15.18. Effects of Human Activities(p. 462)
• 15.20. Water Pollution and the Geosphere(p. 465)
• 15.21. Waste Disposal and the Geosphere(p. 466)
• Chapter 16. Soil Environmental Chemistry(p. 473)
• 16.1. Soil and Agriculture(p. 473)
• 16.2. Nature and Composition of Soil(p. 476)
• 16.3. Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils(p. 484)
• 16.4. Macronutrients in Soil(p. 486)
• 16.5. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil(p. 487)
• 16.6. Micronutrients in Soil(p. 491)
• 16.7. Fertilizers(p. 492)
• 16.8. Wastes and Pollutants in Soil(p. 494)
• 16.9. Soil Loss and Degradation(p. 497)
• 16.10. Genetic Engineering and Agriculture(p. 500)
• 16.11. Agriculture and Health(p. 501)
• Chapter 17. Principles of Industrial Ecology(p. 509)
• 17.1. Introduction and History(p. 509)
• 17.2. Industrial Ecosystems(p. 510)
• 17.3. The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem(p. 512)
• 17.4. Industrial Metabolism(p. 515)
• 17.5. Levels of Materials Utilization(p. 518)
• 17.6. Links to Other Environmental Spheres(p. 519)
• 17.7. Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology(p. 521)
• 17.8. Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity(p. 523)
• 17.9. Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop(p. 528)
• 17.10. Life-Cycle Assessment(p. 531)
• 17.11. Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products(p. 532)
• 17.12. Design for Environment(p. 534)
• 17.13. Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem(p. 537)
• 17.14. The Kalundborg Example(p. 539)
• 17.15. Societal Factors and the Environmental Ethic(p. 540)
• Chapter 18. Industrial Ecology, Resources, and Energy(p. 545)
• 18.1. Introduction(p. 545)
• 18.2. Minerals in the Geosphere(p. 546)
• 18.3. Extraction and Mining(p. 547)
• 18.4 Metals(p. 549)
• 18.5. Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology(p. 549)
• 18.6. Nonmetal Mineral Resources(p. 558)
• 18.7. Phosphates(p. 559)
• 18.8. Sulfur(p. 561)
• 18.9. Wood--A Major Renewable Resource(p. 562)
• 18.10. The Energy Problem(p. 563)
• 18.11. World Energy Resources(p. 564)
• 18.12. Energy Conservation(p. 565)
• 18.13. Energy Conversion Processes(p. 566)
• 18.13. Petroleum and Natural Gas(p. 567)
• 18.14. What is Environmental Science?(p. 570)
• 18.15. Nuclear Fission Power(p. 574)
• 18.16. Nuclear Fusion Power(p. 576)
• 18.17. Geothermal Energy(p. 578)
• 18.18. The Sun: An Ideal Energy Source(p. 578)
• 18.19. Energy from Biomass(p. 578)
• 18.20. Future Energy Sources(p. 582)
• 18.21. Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology(p. 582)
• Chapter 19. Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes(p. 591)
• 19.1. Introduction(p. 591)
• 19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes?(p. 593)
• 19.3. Sources of Wastes(p. 595)
• 19.4. Flammable and Combustible Substances(p. 598)
• 19.5. Reactive Substances(p. 601)
• 19.6. Corrosive Substances(p. 603)
• 19.7. Toxic Substances(p. 605)
• 19.8. Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes(p. 605)
• 19.9. Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes(p. 606)
• 19.10. Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes(p. 607)
• 19.11. Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes(p. 608)
• 19.12. Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere(p. 610)
• 19.13. Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere(p. 611)
• 19.14. Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere(p. 614)
• 19.15. Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere(p. 617)
• 19.16. Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere(p. 619)
• Chapter 20. Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment(p. 627)
• 20.1. Introduction(p. 627)
• 20.2. Waste Reduction and Minimization(p. 628)
• 20.3. Recycling(p. 631)
• 20.4. Physical Methods of Waste Treatment(p. 635)
• 20.5. Chemical Treatment: An Overview(p. 639)
• 20.6. Photolytic Reactions(p. 645)
• 20.7. Thermal Treatment Methods(p. 646)
• 20.8. Biodegradation of Wastes(p. 650)
• 20.9. Land Treatment and Composting(p. 652)
• 20.10. Preparation of Wastes for Disposal(p. 653)
• 20.11. Ultimate Disposal of Wastes(p. 656)
• 20.12. Leachate and Gas Emissions(p. 659)
• 20.13. In-Situ Treatment(p. 660)
• Chapter 21. Environmental Biochemistry(p. 669)
• 21.1. Biochemistry(p. 669)
• 21.2. Biochemistry and the Cell(p. 670)
• 21.3. Proteins(p. 672)
• 21.4. Carbohydrates(p. 676)
• 21.5. Lipids(p. 678)
• 21.6. Enzymes(p. 680)
• 21.7. Nucleic Acids(p. 684)
• 21.8. Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering(p. 688)
• 21.9. Metabolic Processes(p. 688)
• 21.10. Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds(p. 689)
• Chapter 22. Toxicological Chemistry(p. 695)
• 22.1. Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry(p. 695)
• 22.2. Dose-Response Relationships(p. 698)
• 22.3. Relative Toxicities(p. 698)
• 22.4. Reversibility and Sensitivity(p. 699)
• 22.5. Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances(p. 701)
• 22.6. Toxicological Chemistry(p. 702)
• 22.7. Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase(p. 704)
• 22.8. Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems(p. 707)
• 22.9. Health Hazards(p. 713)
• Chapter 23. Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances(p. 721)
• 23.1. Introduction(p. 721)
• 23.2. Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms(p. 723)
• 23.3. Toxic Inorganic Compounds(p. 724)
• 23.4. Toxicology of Organic Compounds(p. 730)
• Chapter 24. Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater(p. 753)
• 24.1. General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis(p. 753)
• 24.2. Classical Methods(p. 754)
• 24.3. Spectrophotometric Methods(p. 756)
• 24.4. Electrochemical Methods of Analysis(p. 759)
• 24.5. Chromatography(p. 761)
• 24.6. Mass Spectrometry(p. 764)
• 24.7. Analysis of Water Samples(p. 764)
• 24.8. Automated Water Analyses(p. 770)
• Chapter 25. Analysis of Wastes and Solids(p. 777)
• 25.1. Introduction(p. 777)
• 25.2. Sample Digestions(p. 778)
• 25.3. Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis(p. 779)
• 25.4. Sample Cleanups(p. 782)
• 25.5. Immunoassay Screening of Wastes(p. 783)
• 25.6. Determination of Chelating Agents(p. 784)
• 25.7. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures(p. 784)
• Chapter 26. Air and Gas Analysis(p. 789)
• 26.1. Atmospheric Monitoring(p. 789)
• 26.2. Sampling(p. 790)
• 26.3. Methods of Analysis(p. 791)
• 26.4. Determination of Sulfur Dioxide(p. 793)
• 26.5. Nitrogen Oxides(p. 794)
• 26.6. Analysis of Oxidants(p. 795)
• 26.7. Analysis of Carbon Monoxide(p. 796)
• 26.8. Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics(p. 797)
• 26.9. Analysis of Particulate Matter(p. 798)
• 26.10. Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants(p. 803)
• Chapter 27. Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics(p. 809)
• 27.1. Introduction(p. 809)
• 27.2. Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics(p. 810)
• 27.3. Determination of Metals(p. 811)
• 27.4. Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds(p. 812)
• 27.5. Determination of Parent Organic Compounds(p. 813)
• 27.6. Measurement of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Reaction Products(p. 813)
• 27.7. Determination of Adducts(p. 818)
• 27.8. The Promise of Immunological Methods(p. 818)
• Index(p. 875)