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Key Topic: This best-selling introduction to statistical analysis in the social sciences provides the right balance of conceptual understanding and step-by-step computational techniques. Key Benefit: Written to be understandable to a broad range of students, particularly those without a strong background in mathematics.

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• 1 Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics
• The Nature of Social Research
• Why Test Hypotheses?
• The Stages of Social Research
• Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research
• Functions of Statistics
• Looking at the Larger Picture: A Student Survey
• I
• 2 Organizing the Data
• Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data
• Comparing Distributions
• Proportions and Percentages
• Ratios and Rates
• Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data
• Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data
• Cumulative Distributions
• Percentile Ranks
• Dealing with Decimal Data
• Flexible Class Intervals
• Cross-Tabulations
• Graphic Presentations
• 3 Measures of Central Tendency
• The Mode
• The Median
• The Mean
• Taking One Step at a Time
• Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean
• Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution
• Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Mode, Median, and Mean for Raw Scores
• 4 Measures of Variability
• The Range
• The Mean Deviation
• The Variance and Standard Deviation
• The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation
• The Meaning of the Standard Deviation
• Comparing Measures of Variability
• Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution
• Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Variance and Standard Deviation for Raw Scores
• Looking at the Larger Picture: Describing Data
• II From Description To Decision Making
• 5 Probability and the Normal Curve
• Rules of Probability
• Probability Distributions
• The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution
• Characteristics of the Normal Curve
• The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve
• The Area Under the Normal Curve
• Standard Scores and the Normal Curve
• Finding Probability Under the Normal Curve
• Obtaining Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Probability Under the Normal Curve
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve
• 6 Samples and Populations
• Sampling Methods
• Sampling Error
• Sampling Distribution of Means
• Standard Error of the Mean
• Confidence Intervals
• The t Distribution
• Estimating Proportions
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using z
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using t
• Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Proportion
• Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing from Samples to Populations
• III
• 7 Testing Differences Between Means
• The Null Hypothesis: No Difference Between Means
• The Research Hypothesis: A Difference Between Means
• Sampling Distribution of Differences Between Means
• Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences Between Means
• Levels of Significance
• Standard Error of the Difference Between Means
• Testing the Difference Between Means
• Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice
• Two Sample Tests of Proportions