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In tracing the evolution of federal imprisonment, Paul W. Keve emphasizes the ways in which corrections history has been affected by and is reflective of other trends in the political and cultural life of the United States.

The federal penal system has undergone substantial evolution over two hundred years. Keve divides this evolutionary process into three phases. During the first phase, from 1776 through the end of the nineteenth century, no federal prisons existed in the United States. Federal prisoners were simply boarded in state or local facilities.

It was in the second phase, starting with the passage of the Three Prison Act by Congress in 1891, that federal facilities were constructed at Leavenworth and Atlanta, while the old territorial prison at McNeil Island in Washington eventually became, in effect, the third prison. In this second phase, the federal government began the enormous task of providing its own prison cells. Still, there was no effective supervisory force to make a prison system.

In 1930, the Federal Bureau of Prisons was created, marking the third phase of the prison system's evolution. The Bureau, in its first sixty years of existence, introduced numerous correctional innovations, thereby building an effective, centrally controlled prison system with progressive standards. Keve details the essential characteristics of this now mature system, guiding the reader through the historical process to the present day.

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Keve's book provides a comprehensive account of the federal government's management of offenders from the post-Revolutionary period to the present. The struggles leading to the construction of the first three federal prisons at Leavenworth, Atlanta, and McNeil Island are reproduced in detail. The decisions involved in the creation of the specialized institutions at Alcatraz and Marion, along with some notorious inmate stories, are also explained. From the earliest commitment of federal funds for incarceration to the current Federal Bureau of Prisons in all its scope, Keve traces the development of bureaucratization and professionalization; the influence of overcrowding, racism, and political inmates; and the rationale for the expansion and decline in treatment programs. The career biographies of several women are particularly worthy of note. The author openly admires his subject, a major defect in a work of scholarly analysis. For this descriptive, primarily archival report, however, it is a small distraction. Do not be misled by the title; analysis of questions of conscience would require a more astute study of cultural and societal conflicts than is to be found here. Community college, undergraduate, and general readers.-R. Zingraff, Meredith College

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Paul W. Keve is a professor emeritus at Virginia Commonwealth University and an award winning correctional administrator. Among his many books are Prison Life and Human Worth, The McNeil Century: The Life and Times of an Island Prison, and The History of Corrections in Virginia.