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This book combines sensation and perception with all biological-sensory aspects of perception with all biological-sensory aspects of perception covered from an evolutionary point of view. It raises the key question: How do the senses gather and secure information about the outside world? This basic question is addressed by explaining how the physical world interacts with and stimulates the senses, and, in turn, how the sense and the nervous system transform, integrate, and process the stimulation. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

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• 1 An Introduction to Sensation and Perception(p. 1)
• Sensation and Perception(p. 2)
• Why Study Sensation and Perception?(p. 3)
• The Historical and Scientific Roots of Sensation and Perception(p. 5)
• Approaches to the Study of Sensation and Perception(p. 6)
• Physiological Perspective: Neuronal Communication(p. 12)
• Summary(p. 21)
• 2 Psychophysics(p. 23)
• Detection and the Absolute Threshold(p. 24)
• Signal Detection Theory (SDT)(p. 27)
• Subliminal Perception(p. 35)
• The Difference Threshold(p. 37)
• Fechner's Law(p. 38)
• Stevens' Power Law(p. 40)
• The Relativity of Psychophysical Judgments(p. 43)
• Summary(p. 44)
• 3 The Visual System(p. 46)
• The Physical Stimulus(p. 47)
• Light Reception(p. 50)
• Anatomy of the Vertebrate Eye(p. 52)
• Variations in Eye Position: Mobility and Placement(p. 61)
• Accommodation(p. 62)
• Pupil Mobility(p. 69)
• Eyeblinks(p. 71)
• Eye and Brain(p. 71)
• Receptive Fields(p. 75)
• Summary(p. 86)
• 4 Fundamental Visual Functions and Phenomena(p. 89)
• Scotopic and Photopic Vision(p. 89)
• Dark Adaptation(p. 90)
• Limits of Basic Visual Function(p. 95)
• Acuity(p. 97)
• Visual Angle(p. 99)
• Eye Movements(p. 103)
• Temporal Factors in Perception(p. 109)
• Object Identification and Localization: Focal and Ambient Systems(p. 112)
• Summary(p. 114)
• 5 Color Vision(p. 116)
• The Function of Color Vision(p. 116)
• The Nature of Color(p. 117)
• Color Mixture(p. 120)
• Afterimages(p. 125)
• Memory Color(p. 127)
• Color Constancy(p. 128)
• Theories of Color Perception(p. 129)
• Defective Color Vision(p. 135)
• Subjective Colors(p. 138)
• Summary(p. 139)
• 6 Visual Pattern and from Perception: Basic Processes of Perceptual Organization(p. 142)
• Contour and Contrast Perception(p. 142)
• Spatial Frequency Analysis(p. 151)
• Perceptual Processing(p. 158)
• Summary(p. 166)
• 7 Higher Processes of Perceptual Organization(p. 168)
• Figure-Ground Perception(p. 168)
• The Gestalt Approach(p. 173)
• Subjective Contours(p. 180)
• Neural Basis of Perceptual Organization(p. 185)
• Figural Orientation and Form Perception(p. 186)
• Perceptual Set(p. 187)
• Summary(p. 192)
• 8 The Perception of Movement(p. 194)
• Motion Detectors(p. 195)
• Movement Systems of the Eye(p. 195)
• Optical Stimulation for Movement Perception(p. 200)
• Biological Motion(p. 202)
• Biological Motion Extracted from Point-Light Displays(p. 203)
• Apparent Movement(p. 209)
• The Prediction of Motion Paths(p. 214)
• Summary(p. 216)
• 9 The Perception of Space: Monocular and Binocular Vision(p. 218)
• Monocular Cues for Spatial Perception(p. 218)
• Binocular Cues(p. 232)
• The Interaction of Cues to Space(p. 245)
• Summary(p. 248)
• 10 Constancy and Illusions(p. 250)
• Perceptual Constancy(p. 250)
• Visual Illusions(p. 261)
• Transactionalism and the Ames Illusions(p. 261)
• Illusions of Depth, Distance, and Constancy(p. 264)
• The Moon Illusion(p. 265)
• The Muller-Lyer Illusion(p. 268)
• The Ponzo Illusion(p. 270)
• The Poggendorff Illusion(p. 273)
• The Horizontal-Vertical Illusion(p. 275)
• Contrast Illusions(p. 275)
• Ambiguous, Reversible, and Multistable Figures(p. 277)
• Multiple Determinants of Illusions(p. 279)
• Impossible Figures(p. 282)
• Summary(p. 285)
• 11 Perceptual Development(p. 287)
• Development of the Sensory System(p. 288)
• Perception of the Newborn Human(p. 293)
• Development of Perceptual-Motor Coordination(p. 303)
• Perceptual Adaptation to Distorted Visual Stimulation(p. 305)
• Vision and Aging(p. 310)
• Summary(p. 312)
• 12 The Auditory System(p. 315)
• The Physical Stimulus(p. 315)
• Anatomy and Mechanisms of the Ear(p. 325)
• Functioning of the Inner Ear(p. 332)
• Auditory Pathology(p. 338)
• Comparative Auditory Structures(p. 342)
• Summary(p. 344)
• 13 Fundamental Auditory Functions and Phenomena(p. 347)
• Intensity(p. 347)
• Frequency(p. 351)
• Hearing and Sound Duration(p. 353)
• Effects of Multiple Tonal Stimulation(p. 353)
• Subjective Tonal Attributes(p. 357)
• Summary(p. 358)
• 14 Auditory Pattern Perception: Sound as Information(p. 361)
• The Auditory Pathway and Central Structures(p. 361)
• Auditory Space Perception(p. 365)
• Perception of Music(p. 376)
• Perception of Speech(p. 381)
• General Issues in Speech Perception(p. 386)
• Auditory Scene Analysis(p. 391)
• Animal Communication(p. 393)
• Summary(p. 394)
• 15 The Orienting Sense(p. 398)
• Receptors for Orientation(p. 398)
• Mammalian Orienting System(p. 399)
• Motion Sickness(p. 407)
• Other Mechanisms for Orientation(p. 409)
• Summary(p. 410)
• 16 The Skin Senses(p. 412)
• Functions of the Skin: Protection and Sensation(p. 413)
• The Skin and The Brain(p. 415)
• Touch and Pressure(p. 419)
• Complex Touch(p. 424)
• Kinesthesis(p. 428)
• Haptic System(p. 430)
• Temperature(p. 432)
• Pain(p. 437)
• Summary(p. 445)
• 17 The Chemical Sense of Taste(p. 449)
• The Diversity and Origins of Chemoreception(p. 450)
• Taste Primaries and the Chemical Stimulus(p. 450)
• Anatomy and Physiology of Taste(p. 452)
• Taste Thresholds(p. 456)
• Adaptation(p. 460)
• Taste Interactions(p. 461)
• Taste Preferences and Taste Worlds(p. 463)
• Summary(p. 465)
• 18 The Chemical Sense of Smell(p. 468)
• Function of the Sense of Smell(p. 468)
• Odor Quality(p. 469)
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Olfactory System(p. 471)
• Olfactory Coding(p. 474)
• Olfactory Disorders(p. 475)
• Odor Thresholds(p. 476)
• Adaptation(p. 478)
• Odor Preferences(p. 479)
• Identification and Memory of Odors(p. 480)
• Psychobiological Functions of Olfaction: Pheromones(p. 483)
• The Common Chemical Sense(p. 486)
• Summary(p. 488)
• 19 The Perception of Time(p. 491)
• The Biological Basis of Time Perception(p. 492)
• Cognitive Theories of Time Perception(p. 494)
• Age and the Passage of Time(p. 498)
• Time Perception and the Size of the Spatial Environment(p. 499)
• Time and Distance: The Tau and Kappa Effects(p. 500)
• Summary(p. 500)
• Glossary(p. 503)
• References(p. 529)
• Index(p. 576)