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Introduction: <br/>From the Safavids to the Iranian Revolution 10 -- <br/>The Garden as Anticipation of the Town: <br/>The Key to Persian Architecture and Garden Design 18 -- <br/>Bagh-e Fin, Teahouse in the garden 30 -- <br/>The Safavid Dynasty: <br/>1501 The Foundation of the Empire 40 --<br/>1501-1548 Tabriz — First Safavid Capital 46 --<br/>Mansions of Tabriz 60 -- <br/>1548-1598 Qazvin — Second Safavid Capital 66 --<br/>643-1598 Pre-Safavid Isfahan 84 -- <br/>Origin of the Four-Ayvan Mosque 106 --<br/>1598-1629 Isfahan, Capital of Shah Abbas the Great 110 -- <br/>Middle Eastern Palace Architecture 136 -- <br/>1629-1722 The late Safavid in Isfahan 140 -- <br/>1722-1779 From Capital of the Empire to Provincial Town 180 -- <br/>Space and Surface in Persian Architecture 194 -- <br/>The Zand Dynasty: <br/>1759-1779 Shiraz, Residential Town of Karim Khan Zand 206 -- <br/>1787-1925 Shiraz, New Beginning under the Qajar 224 -- <br/>Excursion into prehistory: <br/>560-330 Achaemenid Empire, Pasargadae, Persepolis 236 -- <br/>224-642 Sassanid Empire, Firuzabad 250 --<br/>The Qajar Dynasty: <br/>1779-1865 From Village to Capital of Iran 260 -- <br/>1778 The Earthquake of Kashan 280 -- <br/>1865-1924 First Influence of European Architecture ,292 -- <br/>The Pahlavi Dynasty:<br/>1924-1933 Discovery of the National Identity 318 -- <br/>1934-1941 Arrival of Modernity in Iranian Architecture 332 -- <br/>1941-1963 Global. City Tehran 360 --<br/>1963-1978 The "Golden Age" of Iranian Modernism 392 -- <br/>1967 Iranian Pavilion Montreal 394 -- <br/>1960-1968 Maison d'Iran a Paris 395 -- <br/>1971 2500-Year Celebration of the Persian Empire 424 -- <br/>The Islamic Republic of Iran: <br/>1978-2000 The Architecture of the Iranian Revolution 428 -- <br/>Since 2000 Today's Architect Generation 450 --<br/>2004/2005 Embassies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Germany 452 --<br/>--<br/>1501 to 1722 Safavid dynasty: <br/>1501-1525 Shah Ismail I --<br/>1501 Conquest of Tabriz by the Qizilbash, Tabriz becomes the capital of the new dominion --<br/>1501 July, Ismail takes the title of Shah-hanshah, orders the Friday prayer to be performed on behalf of the twelve Imams, curses the first three caliphs and introduces Shia as "state religion" --<br/>1501-1512 Shah Ismail I expels the Turkmen from Iran and establishes the rule of the Safavids -- <br/>1504-1530 Foundation of Mughal Empire by Babur 1510 Battle of Mary ends with a decisive victory for the Safavids over the Uzbek -- <br/>1510 Habsburg-Persian alliance between Habsburg and Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire -- <br/>1512 Construction of Harun-Velayat Mausoleum in Isfahan -- <br/>1514 Battle of Chaldiran, Sultan Selim I defeats Ismail I, who loses his supernatural air and aura of invincibility --<br/>1515 Subjugation of Hormuz Island by the Portuguese -- <br/>1515 Construction of Mashhad-e Fatima in Qum --<br/>1524 Ismail I dies at the age of thirty-six, succeeded by his son Tahmasp I --<br/>1524-1576 Shah Tahmasp I: <br/>1526 Civil war among the differing factions --<br/>1529 First Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent --<br/>1532-1555 Ottoman-Safavid War, one of the many military conflicts fought between the two archrivals, where thousands of Christian Armenians were captured and deported --<br/>1541 Publication of Divan manuscript by Shah Ismail I, written under the pei name Hatayi --<br/>1544-1555 Mughal emperor Humayun gets asylum at Tahmasp's court --<br/>1548 Dislocation of the capital to Qazvin under Shah Tahmasp I --<br/>1548-1598 Qazvin, second Safavid capital --<br/>1555 Peace of Amasya frees Iran from Ottoman attacks for three decades --<br/>1571 Birth of Prince Abbas, later Shah Abbas I the Great in Herat -- <br/>1576 Tahmasp I dies of poison, unclear whether by accident or on purpose -- <br/>1576-1577 Shah Ismail II: <br/>1576 Coronation of Shah Ismail II, son of Shah Tahmasp I --<br/>1576 November, Ismail II dies after consuming poisoned opium --<br/>1578-1587 Shah Mohammad Khodabanda: <br/>1578-1590 Ottoman-Safavid War, Sultan Murad III begins war with Safavid Iran -- <br/>1581 Khorasan becomes autonomous --<br/>1585 Prince Abbas comes under guardianship of Qizilbash leader Murshid Qoli Khan -- <br/>1585 Conquest of Tabriz by Ottoman army, the city remains in Ottoman hands for 20 years --<br/>1587 Mohammad accepts his dethronement and is banished to Alamut prison i 1642 -- <br/>1587-1629 Shah Abbas I -- <br/>1587 Murshid Oa Khan rides to Qazvin With the young prince and pronounces him king -- <br/>1587 Murshid begins distributing friends, gradually confining Abbas to the Palace -- <br/>1588 Shah Mohammad hands the royal insignia over to his son --<br/>1589 Abbas arranges to kilt Murshid after a banquet --<br/>1590 Treaty of Constantinople ends Ottoman--Safavid War --<br/><br/>1590 – 1598 Construction of Maidan-e Shah in the historic centre of Isfahan --<br/>1595 Aillahverdi Khan, Georgian entre of Isfahan Ghutarn, appointed Governor-General of Fars --<br/>1598 Shirtey brothers arrive in Isfahan, help to reorganize the Iranian army --<br/>1598 Recapture of Khorasan -- <br/>1598 Construction of the Dawiat-Khan-e in Isfahan --<br/>1599 Shah Abbas I sends his first diplomatic mission to Europe, marking important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe --<br/>1598-1603 War against the Uzbeks with the reformed army --<br/>1601-1602 Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night makes references to the Shahs of Iran --<br/>1602 Iranian army expels the Portuguese from Bahrain -- <br/>1602-1619 Construction of Khiyaban-e Chahar Bagh, Bridge of Thirty-Three Arches and Sheikh LW-Allah Mosque -- <br/>1603 Shah Abbas moves his capital from Isfahan -- <br/>1603-1618 Ottoman—Safavid War between Abbas I and Sultan Ahmed I, Persia regains Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia --<br/>1606 Edict of Shah Abbas I to establish Armenian quarter New Julia --<br/>1606 Construction of Vank Cathedral --<br/>1609-1615 Shah Abbas' second Persian embassy to Europe, led by Robert Shirley --<br/>1611-1630 Construction of the Masjed-e Shah in Isfahan -- <br/>1613 Death and burial of Alta hverdi Khan --<br/>1615 Construction of the Madrasa-e Khan in Shiraz -- <br/>1617-1624 Construction of Ali Qapu palace and Qeysaryeh Bazaar -- <br/>1618 Treaty of Serav between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia --<br/>1618-1648 Thirty Years' War in Central Europe -- <br/>1622 Capture of Hormuz from the Portuguese with the help of British East India Company – 1623- 1639 Ottoman—Safavid War between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia -- <br/>1629 16 January, Shah Abbas I dies in Farahabad and is buried in Kashan -- <br/>1629-1642 Shah Safi 1 -- <br/>1629 Sam Mirza crowned as Shah Safi I at the age of eighteen --<br/> 1634 Saru Taqi appointed Grand Vizir --<br/>1634 Ottomans occupy Yerevan and Tabriz -- <br/>1636 Shah Safi receives a delegation from Duke of Holistein-Gottorp <br/>1638 Ottomans conquer Baghdad --<br/>1639 Treaty of Zuhab balances the border between Iran and Turkey up to the twentieth century -- 1642 Shah Safi dies as a result of excessive drinking -- <br/>1642-1666 Shah Abbas II -- <br/>1642 Shah Abbas II, son of Shah Safi, crowned at Kashan --<br/>1642 Transformation of the AU Qapu to its present form --<br/>1644Suppression of Bakhtiari rebellion against Abbas II by Saru Taqi --<br/>1647 Publication of Adam Olearius' book about his visit to Persia --<br/>1647 Reconstruction of the Forty Columns Palace in Isfahan --<br/>1648 Safavid empire expands to Afghanistan -- <br/>1650 Construction of Khaju Bridge --<br/>1651-1653 Russo-Persian War --<br/>1654-1715 Reign of Louis XIV in France --<br/>1656-1663 Construction of Hakim Mosque in Isfahan --<br/>1666 Shah Abbas II dies without revealing who should be his successor --<br/>1666-1694 Shah Safi II/Shah Suleiman --<br/>1666 Sam Mirza, son of Shah Abbas II, crowned as Shah Safi II -- <br/>1666 Jean Chardin appointed Court Jeweler by Shah Safi II <br/>1667 Construction of Champs-Elysées by Andre Le Notre in Paris --<br/>1667 Earthquake in Shamakhi, estimated 80,000 people die --<br/>1667 Second coronation of Sam Mirza as Shah Suleiman I --<br/>1669 Construction of the garden palace Hasht Behesht in Isfahan --<br/>1673-1677 Jean Chardin's second stay in Isfahan --<br/>1683 Battle of Vienna, fought by allied forces of Holy Roman Empire of German Nations and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Ottoman Empire --<br/>1686 Publication of Jean Chardin's Voyages en Perse and aux Indes orientates<br/> 1694 Suleiman dies on 29 July, at Isfahan, as a result of heavy drinking. --<br/>1694-1722 Sultan Husayn -- <br/>1694 Coronation of Sultan Husayn, nicknamed Yakhshidir, "Very well" --<br/>1695 Shifting of power to leading clerics, measures against Sufi order as well as prohibiting consumption of alcohol and opium and restrictions on the behavior of women -- <br/>1706 Construction of the Caravanserai and Madrasa Madar-e Shah and Bazar-e Honar --<br/>1709 Ghilzai Afghans rebel and break away from Safavid rule -- <br/>1710 Revival of Shia Islam leads to increased intolerance towards Sunni Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians and Christians -- <br/>1715 Persian embassy to the court of Louis XIV causes a dramatic flurry --<br/>1715 Establishment of a permanent Persian consulate in Marseille, main French Mediterranean port for trade with East --<br/>1716 Safavid expeditions to bring Afghans under control end in failure -- <br/>1717-1720 Revolt of Sunnis in Kurdistan and Shirvan calling Ottoman Turks for support --<br/>1721 Sack of the Shamakhi, massacre of Shia population and raid of property of Christian and foreign nationals --<br/>1722-1723 Russo-Persian War, Tsar Peter the Great declares war in an attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions --<br/>1722 Ghilzai Afghans sweep westward, aiming at Shah's capital Isfahan --<br/>1722 Battle of Gulnabad between military forces from Hotak and the army of Safavid Empire --1722 Siege of Isfahan, starvation and disease force Isfahan into submission, estimated 80,000 inhabitants die. Devastation of Isfahan -- <br/>1722 Sultan Husayn abdicates and acknowledges Mahmud Hotak as new Shah of Persia –<br/>1722 to 1729 Afghan Rebellion --<br/>1722 -1725 Shah Mahmud Hotak --<br/>1722 Shah Mahmud Hotak acknowledged Shah of Persia --<br/>1722 Prince Tahmasp establishes his government in Tabriz and declares him¬self Shah of Persia --<br/>1723 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Russian victory ratified for Safavid Irans' cession of their territories in Transcaucasia and Northern Iran --<br/> 1725 Publication of Montesquieu's Lettres persanes, a satiric critique of French society --<br/>1725 Palace revolution by Afghan officers which places Ashraf Hotak on the throne --<br/>1725- 1729 Shah Ashraf Hotak --<br/>1725 Ashraf Hotak succeeds as Shah of Persia --<br/>1727 Battle near Kermanshah between Ottoman Empire, who want to reestablish Safavid Shah Tahmasp II, and Shah Ashraf Hotak's army --<br/> 1729 Battle of Damghan, the royal Persian army under the leadership of Nader Khan drives the Afghans back to what is today Afghanistan --<br/> 1729-1736 Safavid restoration --<br/>1729-1732 Shah Tahmasp II --<br/>1729 Shah Tahmasp II returns to Isfahan and the Safavids have the empire --<br/>under control again<br/>1729 Shah Tahmasp II crowned as penultimate ruler of Safavid dynasty --<br/>1730-1735 Ottoman - Persian War between Safavid and Ottoman Empire --<br/>1730 Nader Khan, a talented young general, attacks the Ottomans and<br/>regains most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire --<br/>1732 Nader Khan forces Shah Tahmasp II to abdicate in favour of his baby<br/>son, Abbas III, to whom Nader becomes regent --<br/>1732-1736 Abbas III --<br/>1732 Infant Abbas appointed nominal ruler of Iran. Nader Khan assumes<br/>the positions of deputy of state and viceroy --<br/>1734 Battle of Yeghevard, where the Ottoman army is utterly destroyed by<br/>Nader's army --<br/>1736 Abbas III deposed, when Nader Khan has himself crowned as Nader<br/>Shah Afshar. This marks the official end of the Safavid dynasty --<br/>1736-1796 Afsharid dynasty --<br/>1736-1747 Nader Shah Afshar --<br/>1736 Nader Khan crowned Shah of Persia in attendance of an "exceptionally<br/>large assembly" composed of military, religious and nobility, as well as the Ottoman ambassador --<br/>1736-1747 Dislocation of the capital to Mashhad --<br/>1738-1740 Campaign against Indian Mughal Empire, Afsharids annex all lands west<br/>of the Indus and establish hegemony over the region--<br/>1738 Nader Shah conquers Kandahar, the last outpost of the Hotak dynasty --<br/>1739 Battle of Karnal, Nader Shah crushes the Mughal army and enters, Delhi, ordering his<br/>troops to plunder and sack the city and capture Peacock Throne and Kohinoor Diamond. --<br/>1740 Tahmasp II and his son Abbas III executed by Nader Shah --<br/>1743 Nader Shah builds a Persian navy, recapture Bahrain and conquer Oman --<br/>1743-1746 Ottoman—Persian War between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid dynasty --<br/>1743 Ottomans capture Kirkuk, Arbil and Mosul, forcing Nader Shah to retreat --<br/>1743-1744 Revolts break out because of taxes for the military campaigns, and are crushed<br/>ruthlessly by Nader Shah, who builds towers from his victims' skulls in imitation of his hero<br/>Timur --<br/>1745 Battle of Kars results in complete destruction of Ottoman army --<br/>1746 Treaty of Kerden signed between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran; the boundary line<br/>between the two countries is restored as a century ago --<br/>1747 Nader Shah assassinated at a complot, succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who is probably<br/>involved in the assassination --<br/>1747-1748 Adil Shah Afshar 1747 Nader Shah's officers offer the crown to Ali Qoli Khan,<br/>declared Shah under the name of Adil Shah, the righteous --<br/>1747 Adil Shah defeats his Kurdish allies and had several of his supporters put to death on<br/>suspicion of conspiracy --<br/>1748 In a futile attempt to bend the Qajar tribe into submission, Adil Shah has the Qajar chieftain<br/>killed and his four-year-old son, the future Agha Mohammad Khan, castrated --<br/>1748 During this struggle all provincial governors declare independence, establish their own<br/>states, and the entire Empire falls into anarchy --<br/>1748-1748 Ebrahim Shah Afshar --<br/>1748 Ebrahim Mirza topples his brother. Two months later, his own troops rebel against him --<br/>1748 Ebrahim succeeded by Nader’s grandson, Shahrukh --<br/>1748-1796 Shahrukh Shah Afshar --<br/>1748 Shahrukh Shah Afshar elected by the nobles, makes Mashhad his capital --<br/>1758 Agha Mohammed Khan, later the first Qajar Shah, becomes chieftain of Qavanlu tribe --<br/>1760 When Karim Khan takes control of Persia, the realm of Shahrukh is reduced to the<br/>province of Khorasan --<br/>1796 . Agha Mohammad Khan conquers Khorasan and has Shahrukh tortured to death<br/>1750-1794 Zand dynasty<br/><br/>1751-1779 Mohammad KariM Khan Zand --<br/>1750 Karim Khan and other Bakhtiari chieftains divide the country and raise the Safavid sprout<br/>Ismail III to Shah to legitimize their power as Vakil, of the king and soothe the people<br/>--<br/>1751-1753 Karim Khan gains control over all of Iran except Khorasan, which is ruled, by<br/>Shahrukh Shah Afshar --<br/>1751- 1773 Construction of the Bazaar-e Vakil and Masjed-e Vakil in Shiraz Karim Khan Zand<br/>converts his title to (servant of the people), makes Shiraz his capital and orders--<br/>the construction of several projects there --<br/>1763 Agha Mohammad Khan sent to the Zand capital, where his aunt Khadija Begum lives --<br/>1765-1779 Zenith of Zand rule, relations with Britain restored and the East India Company<br/>allowed to have a trading post in southern Iran --<br/>1766-1774 Construction of Arg-e Karim citadel of Shiraz --<br/>1768 Christian VII of Denmark commissioned to translate the biography of Nader Shah --<br/>1773 Safavid Shah Ismail III dies --<br/>1779 Karim Khan dies due to tuberculosis and is buried in the Nazar Garde, now Pars Museum<br/>--<br/>1779-1789 After Karim Khan Zand, death a civil war begins between several Zand princes --<br/>1789 A four-month civil war starts. Jafar Khan, son Lod Ali Khan emerges the victor in this civil<br/>War --<br/>1789 to 1924 Qajar dynasty --<br/>1789-1197 Shah Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Agha Mohammad Khan enthroned (however still<br/>not crowned) and names his nephew Baba Khan, later known as Farh-Ali Shah Qajar, as his heir<br/>--<br/>1789.1799 French Revolution, a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France --<br/>1789-1796 Agha Mohammad restores Persia to a unity it has not had since Karim Khan. He<br/>reunites the territory of contemporary Iran and the Caucasus region. He is, however, a man of<br/>extreme violence who kills almost all who could threaten his hold on power --<br/>1789 War with Lott Ali Khan and the first invasion of Azerbaijan --<br/>1791 Agha Mohammad Khan marches into Azerbaijan during springtime --<br/>1794 Agha Mohammad Khan lays siege to Kerman for six months. After their taking, he directs<br/>a massacre that is unique in the history of Persia. Some sources claim that 20,000 men are<br/>blinded, 900 men decapitated, and 20,000 female inhabitants and children sold to slavery --<br/>1794 Lotf Ali Khan, the last ruler of the Zand dynasty, imprisoned and tor-tured in Tehran for<br/>nearly threeyears before being choked to death --<br/>1795 Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus. Agha Mohammad Khan abducts<br/>22,000 Georgians as slaves --<br/>1795 Agha Mohammad Khan captures Khorasan --<br/>1796 Agha Mohammad Khan crowns himself in the spring to Shah of Persia, 111,<br/>makes Tehran the Persian capital and founds the Qajar --<br/>1796 Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, one of the Russo-Persian Wars, which does not<br/>in the end entail any lasting consequences for Leither belligerent –<br/>1797 Agha Mohammad than falls victim to the assassination of two serv-ants in his tent near<br/>Shusha. His successor is his nephew Baba Khan, crowned as Fat'h-Ali Shah Qajar --<br/>1779-1834 Fat’h-Ali Shah Qajar --<br/>1797 Fat’h All ascends the throne and uses the name of Fat’h-Ali Shah Qajar --<br/>1804 1813 Russo-Persian War between the new Qajar king Fat’h-Ali Shah and the also-new Tsar<br/>Alexander I of Russia --<br/>1804 Fat;h-Ali Shah orders the invasion of Georgia under pressure from the Shia clergy --<br/>1807 Treaty of Finckenstein between Napoleon and a Persian delegation establishing the Franko-<br/>Persian Alliance, directed against Russia and United Kingdom --<br/>1809 Napoleon makes peace with Russia, which enables the Russians to increase their war<br/>efforts in the Caucasus --<br/>1813 Russian troops successfully storm Lankaran, invade Tabriz and force Persia to sign the<br/>Treaty of Gulistan with Russia, ending the Russo-Persian war --<br/>1813 Construction of Imaret-e Badgir in the Golestan Palace --<br/>1818 Battle of Kafir Gala between Qajar dynasty and the victorious forces of Durrani Empire of<br/>Afghanistan --<br/>1822 Amir Kabir appointed to the post of military registrar for the army of Azerbaijan --<br/>1826-1828 Russo-Persian War between the Russian Empire and Qajar dynasty --<br/>1826 Fat'h-Ali Shah decides to occupy the lost territories, invades very, successfully, and<br/>manages to regain most of their lost territories --<br/>1827 October, General Eristov captures Tabriz --<br/>1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, Iran loses all of its Caucasian territories to Imperial Russia --<br/><br/>1830-1895 Beginning of the Great Game, a political and diplomatic confrontation between<br/>Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighbouring territo-ries in Central and Southern Asia -<br/>-<br/>1831 Fat’h-Ali Shah has himself and other Qajar princes engraved in the rock --<br/>1834 Fat’h-Ali Shah dies on 23 October i; --<br/>1834-1848 Mohammad Shah Qajar --<br/>1834 Mohammad Shah Qajar mounts the throne --<br/>1834 Beginning of modernisation and the industrialisation of Persia with the help of European<br/>consultants --<br/>1835 Mohammad Shah, wearied of the discussions with his Prime Minister, „di lets him<br/>suffocate rolled into a carpet --<br/>1837-1838 Siege of Herat, an unsuccessful attack on the Afghan city during the time of the Great<br/>Game --<br/>1847 Amir Kabir appointed chief tutor to the crown prince Naser --<br/>1848 Mohammad Shah issues a farman banning the maritime trade ors! --<br/>1848 Mohammad Shah dies of gout, his eldest son Naser al-Din becore) the new Shah --<br/>1848-1896 Naser al-Din Shah --<br/>1848 Naser al-Din Shah assumes the throne. Amir Kabir makes the arrangements –<br/>1848 Naser al-Din awards Amir Kabir full responsibility for the Ir30130 army and appoints him<br/>chief minister<br/>1848- 1851 Amir Kabir suppresses the Babi upheavals and personally orders the execution of the<br/>Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of the Bab --<br/>1850 Construction of Maidan-e Toop-Khaneh-ye Mobarakeh in Tehran --<br/>1850 Construction of the Bagh-e Shazadeh in Mahan --<br/>1851 Foundation of Dar ul-Funun, the first modern institution of higher edu-cation in Iran --<br/>1852 Naser al-Din Shah dismisses and executes Amir Kabir. With him dies the prospect of an<br/>independent Persia led by meritocracy rather than nepotism --<br/>1853- 1856 Crimean War, a military conflict in which the Russian Empire loses to an alliance of<br/>France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia --<br/>1856-1857 Anglo-Persian War between Great Britain and Persia --<br/>1857 Treaty of Paris, Persia agreed to withdraw from Herat --<br/><br/>1861 Construction of Masjed-e Sepahsalar in Tehran --<br/>1861 Construction of Shams ol-Emareh, first Iranian building with western influences --<br/>1870 Naser al-Din Shah installs a photo studio and darkroom in Golestan pal-ace --<br/>1872 Naser al-Din Shah grants Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter a concession over Persian roads,<br/>telegraphs, mills, factories, extraction of resources, and other public works --<br/>1872 Opposition from bureaucratic factions and clerical leaders forces Naser al-Din Shah to<br/>cancel the Reuter concession and dismiss his prime minister --<br/>1873 Naser al-Din’s first visit to Europe. The trip unfolds from Caspian Sea to Russia through<br/>Prussia, Belgium, England, France, Switzerland, Vienna and Italy --<br/>1873 Naser al-Din Shah appointed by Queen Victoria a Knight of the Order of the Garter, the<br/>highest English order of chivalry --<br/>1873 Opening of Tekiyeh Dowlat, the Royal Theatre which recalls the Royal Albert Hall --<br/>1874 Publication of The Diary of H.M. Shah of Persia during His Tour through Europe by J. W.<br/>Redhouse, London --<br/>1878 Second visit of Naser al-Din Shah to Europe, where he observed a Royal Navy Fleet<br/>Review --<br/>1879 Formation of the Cossack Brigade by Naser al-Din, using as a model the Caucasian<br/>Cossack regiment, which impressed him when traveling through Russia --<br/>1885 Imperial Bank of Persia, operated as state bank, established with a concession from Persian<br/>government to Baron Julius De Reuter --<br/>1889 Naser al-Din Shah's third visit to Europe --<br/>1890 Naser al-Din Shah grants a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the<br/>production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years --<br/>1891 Mass protests against the tobacco concession emerge in major Iranian cities --<br/>1891 Tobacco Protest climaxes in an edict against tobacco use by the most important religious<br/>authority in Iran --<br/>1892 Naser al-Din Shah cancels the tobacco concession. The protest is one of the issues leading<br/>to the Persian Constitutional Revolution --<br/>1894 Reza Khan, later Reza Shah Pahlavi, joins the Persia, Cossack Brigade --<br/>1896 Naser al-Din assassinated whilst praying in the shrine of Shah-Abdol-Azim in Ray --<br/>1896-1907 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar --<br/>1896 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah ascends the throne, unprepared for the burdens of office --<br/>1900 Construction of Pavilion Ahmad Shahi summer residen the Niaveran Garden --<br/>1901 Arcy Concession signed by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah and William in Arcy which gives<br/>D'Arcy the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia --<br/>1896-1905 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah visits Europe three times, borrowing money from Nicholas II<br/>of Russia for his traveling expenses<br/>1905- 1911 Persian Constitutional Revolution leads to the establishm f 1 liament in Iran --<br/>1905 Protests over the increase of taxes to pay back the Russian l Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's royal<br/>tour to Europe oan for --<br/>1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah capitulates, agreeing to surrender pow a new "house of justice" --<br/>1906 First Iranian legislative election held after Iranian Constitution Revolution, Persia becomes<br/>constitutional monarchy --<br/>1906 First meeting of the majles, who immediately give themselves the right to make a<br/>constitution --<br/>1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signs the constitution, from there on the Shah is "under the rule of<br/>law, and the crown became a divine giftgiven to the Shah by the people. --<br/>1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah dies of a heart attack 40 days after granting this constitution --<br/>1907-1909 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar --<br/>1907 Mohammad All Shah Qajar crowned as Shah of Persia --<br/>1907 Anglo-Russian Entente delineating the spheres of interest between British India and<br/>Russian Central Asia in the borderland areas of Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet --<br/>1908 William Knox D'Arcy and his team find large quantities of oil in Maidan-e Naftun --<br/>1908 Mohammad All Shah has the Majlis bombed with military and political support of Russia<br/>and Britain, arrests many of the deputies and closes down the assembly --<br/>1909 Pro-Constitution forces march to Tehran, depose the Shah, and re-establish the constitution<br/>--<br/>1909 The parliament votes to place Mohammad Ali Shah's son, Ahmad Shah, on the throne.<br/>Mohammad All Shah abdicates following the new Constitutional Revolution --<br/>1909 Mohammad All Shah flees to Odessa, Russia --<br/>1909-1941 Ahmad Shah Qajar --<br/>1909 Grand Majlrs places Ahmad Shah Qajar on the throme --<br/>1911 Mohammad Ali She Qatar plots his return to power and lands at Astarabad, but his forces<br/>are defeated --<br/><br/>1911Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) runs a pipeline from a new find to a refinery at<br/>Abadan --<br/>1914 – 1918 World War I breaks out in Europe. An epoch threshold”, accompanied by<br/>delegitimation of old and possibility of new orders --<br/>1917 Bolshevik Revolution and the end of Russia interest in Persia --<br/>1917 Britain uses Persia as the springboard for an unsuccessful attack ,into Russia to reverse the<br/>Russian Revolution --<br/>1919 Anglo-Persian Agreement centers on drilling rights of the Anglo Persian Oil Company,<br/>never ratified by the Majlis --<br/>1921 Ahmad Shah is pushed aside by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of<br/>the Cossack garrison, who subsequently seizes the post of Prime Minister --<br/>1921 Reza Khan spends the rest of his rule securing Iran's interior, respond ing to a number of<br/>revolts against the new government --<br/>1921 Construction of the gate to the National Garden --<br/>1923 Reza Pahlavi is selected as Iran's prime minister by the National Assembly of Iran --<br/>1923 Reza Pahlavi establishes a political cabinet to organise his plans for modernisation and<br/>reform --<br/>1923 Ahmad Shah leaves Persia for Europe for health reasons --<br/>1925 to 1979 Pahlavi dynasty --<br/>1925-1941 Reza Shah Pahlavi --<br/>1925 Reza Pahlavi appointed as legal monarch of Iran by decision of Iran constituent assembly<br/>and so the first democratically elected monarch of Iran. He founds the Pahlavi dynasty --<br/>1926 Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi and proclamation of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,<br/>as crown prince of Persia --<br/>1926 Reza Shah continues the radical reforms he embarked on whilst prime minister --<br/>1930 Reza Shahs dictatorial style of rule causes dissatisfaction in Iran<br/>1930 Archaeological finds lead to the rediscovery of Iranian &national identity and to the<br/>development of an Iranian national style --<br/>1932 Grinding of the ()ajar city wall of Tehran and construction of Shah Reza Avenue --<br/>1932 Iranian Parliament declares the concession granted to D'Arcy to be invalid, a new<br/>agreement is confirmed where APOC has to pay an annual concession charge to the Iranian state<br/>on the volume and market prices --<br/><br/>1933 General order of Trans-Iranian Railway to the Danish-Swedish Kampsax consortium<br/>1933- 1937 Gabriel Guevrekian, co-founder of the CIAM, acts as city architect and planner of<br/>Tehran --<br/>1934 Reza Shah takes control of the country's finances and communications, which up to then<br/>had been virtually in foreign hands --<br/>1934 Replacement of the country name &Persia with the native name Iran (Land of the<br/>Aryans) --<br/>1935 Inauguration of the main campus of the University of Tehran , an example off first Pahlavi<br/>era Modernism --<br/>1936-1941 Women’s Awakening movement and elimination of chador from Iranian society led<br/>to opposition from the Mullahs and the religious establishment --<br/>1937 Commissioning of Tehran Central Station influenced by contemporary architecture --<br/>1939 Handover of Trans -Iranian Railway from the Persian Gulf to the Captain Sea --<br/>1939 World War II breaks out in Europe, Iran declares neutrality --<br/>1941 Great Britain and the Soviet Union become allies. Division of Iran by 1941 the Soviet<br/>Union and the British into three zones --<br/>1941Great Britain and the Soviet Union force Reza Shah to abdicate son Mohammad Reza Shah<br/>is sworn in as a second Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty --<br/>1941 Great Britain and USSR invade Iran, arrest the monarch and into exile to South Africa --<br/>1941-1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi --<br/>1941 British and Soviet troops march into Tehran and take control of the Iranian government --<br/>1942 United State, ally of Britain and USSR, sends a military force to Persian Corridor & by<br/>which supplies are transferred to operate the Soviet Union --<br/>1943 In September, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declares war on Germany --<br/>1943 Shah Mohammad Reza hosts Tehran Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin<br/>--<br/>1944 Mohammad Mosaddegh, the first and last father of Persian democracy elected to<br/>parliament --<br/>1945 End of World War II in Europe --<br/>1945- 1946 Iran crisis, British and US begin to withdraw their troops as agreed, the Soviets<br/>remain and thus trigger the first postwar international cri-sis, seen as one of the early conflicts in<br/>the growing Cold War --<br/><br/>1949 Assassination attempt on Mohammad Reza Shah --<br/>1950 Point IV program, a bilateral agreement between the US and Iran for reconstruction --<br/>1951 Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry by Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh,<br/>cancelling the oil concession of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company --<br/>1953 Operation Ajax orchestrated by United Kingdom and US CIA to over-throw of Prime<br/>Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who is placed under house arrest --<br/>1954 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) becomes British Petroleum Company (BP) --<br/>1954-1959 Construction of a new Senate building, testimony of modern thinking in Iranian art<br/>and architecture --<br/>1955 Opening of Mehrabad airport for national and international flights --<br/>1961-1970 First Kurdish-Iraqi War, an attempt to o establish an independent Kurdish state --<br/>1963 Mohammad Reza Shah launches the White revolution,a series of farreaching reforms --<br/>1963-1964 Nation-wide demonstrations against the White Revolution all over Iran, Ayatollah<br/>Khomeini emerges as one of the leaders of the protests --<br/>1963 Tehran turns into a global city with explosive growth, beginning of the Golden Age of<br/>Iranian modernity --<br/>1964 Ayatollah Khomeini arrested and exiled to Iraq --<br/>1965 Second assassination attempt on Mohammad Reza Shah --<br/>1967 Mohammad Reza Shah takes the ancient title Shahhanshah in a lavish --<br/>1968 coronation ceremony held in Tehran Competition of Aryarnehr monument --<br/>1970-1979 Construction of the Museum of Contemporary Art --<br/>1971 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire at Persepolis --<br/>1972 Construction of the Centre for Management Studies, probably the most sensible attempt to<br/>an Iranian national architecture --<br/>1973 Oil crisis, OPEC proclaims an oil embargo due to the US weapons deliveries to Israel<br/>during the Yom Kippur War --<br/>1974- 1975 Second Kurdish - Iraqi War initiated by Iraqi offensive against rebel troops of<br/>Mustafa Barzani --<br/>1975 Algiers Agreement between Iran and Iraq to settle their border dis-putes and conflicts from<br/>Second Iraqi Kurdish War --<br/>1975 Construction of Shahrak Ekbatan, one of the largest residential settlements in Middle East<br/>--<br/><br/>1976 Completion of the New Town Shushtar, the highlight of Iranian modernity<br/>1976 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi changes the origin of the calendar, using the beginning of<br/>Cyrus the Great’s reign as the first day, rather than the Hejra of Muhammad --<br/>1977 Foundation of Rastachiz Party, a unitary party replacing the existing two-party system with<br/>a one-party system --<br/>1977 German-Iranian Cultural Association hosts a series of literature read-ing sessions where<br/>Iran most prominent poets and writers demand the end of censorship and claim the freedom of<br/>expression --<br/>1977 First militant anti-Shah demonstrations of a few hundred after death of Khomeini's son<br/>Mostafa blamed on SAVAK, the Iranian secret police --<br/>1978 Protests in the holy city of Qom against an article attacking Ruhollah Khomeini --<br/>1978 8 September, Black Friday shootings in Jaleh Square referred to as point of no return for<br/>the Iranian Revolution when any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and the Shahs regime is extinguished --<br/>1978 Mohammad Reza Shah pressures the Iraqi government to expel Ruhollah Khomeini from<br/>Najaf. Khomeini goes to Neauphle-le-Chateau, suburb of Paris, courted by press and politicians -<br/>-<br/>1978 Muharram protests. Over two million protesters take to the streets, crowding Shahzad<br/>Square, between six and nine million anti-Shah dem-onstrators march throughout Iran<br/>1979 16 January, Mohammad Reza leaves Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar<br/>--<br/>1979 Ayatollah Khomeini invited back to Iran by the new government –<br/>1979 Islamic Republic of Iran --<br/>1079-1989 Ayatollah Khomeini --<br/>1979-82/83 Iran is in a revolutionary crisis mode --<br/>1979 February 1, Khomeini returns from exile and proclaims the Islamic Republic of Iran --<br/>1979 February 5, Ayatollah Khomeini declares a provisional revolutionary government, and appoints opposition leader Mehdi Bazargan as his own prime minister <br/>1979 February 9, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians breaks (rut. A unit of the pro-Shah attempts to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle breaks out --<br/>1979 February 11, collapse of the royal reign when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelm troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power --<br/> 1979 April 1, Iran votes by national referendum to become an Islamic Republic and to approve a new theocratic-republican constitution whereby Khomeini becomes Supreme Leader of the country --<br/>1979 November 4, youthful Islamists invade US embassy and seize its staff for 444 days 1979 Great Britain suspends all diplomatic relations with Iran --<br/>1979 Oil crisis occurs in the United States due to decreased oil outputin the wake of the<br/><br/>Iranian Revolution --<br/>1980 All universities are closed, emigration of the elite. Inner power strug-<br/>gles and conflicts --<br/>1980-1988 Iraq-Iran War breaks out, one of the longest and most bloody wars<br/>of recent history --<br/>1980 September regime of Saddam Hussein invades Iran in an attempt to take<br/>advantage of revolutionary chaos and destroy the revolution in its infancy --<br/>1980 Oil production in Iran nearly stops and Iraq oil production is severely cut as well --<br/>1980 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes spokesman for the new parliament --<br/>1981 Hostage Crisis ends in January, just minutes after the new American president Ronald Reagan is sworn in --<br/>1982 Iran regains almost all the territory lost to the Iraq invasion --<br/>1982 Khomeini and his supporters crush the rival factions, defeat local rebellions and consolidate power --<br/>1989 onwards Construction of the Mausoleum Imam Khomeini at Tehran --<br/>1989 Ayatollah Khomeini’s fatwa calling for killing of Salman Rushdie --<br/> 1989 Ruhollah Khomeini dies on 3 June. Sayyed All Khamenei suc-ceeds<br/>Ruhollah Khomeini, elected as the new Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts --<br/>1989 - 1997 Rafsanjani administration --<br/>1989 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani elected president after Khomeini’s death, whilst Supreme <br/>Leader Khamanei and the Guardian Council generally support these policies --<br/>1990 Conflicts between liberals and conservatives, culminating in a series murders on opposition parties -- <br/>1990-1991 Gulf War waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the Unite) States against Iran in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait --<br/>1990 Iraq invades and overruns Kuwait, causing a multinational coalition UN forces to he assembled in response --<br/>1991- 1997 Construction of Navab Expressway --<br/>1992 Nearly one-third of the candidates for the election for the parliament are rejected --<br/>1994 Hundreds of intellectuals and supposed dissidents imprisoned and some executed --<br/>1994 Competition for the academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, important impulse for Iranian architecture --<br/>1996 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of (RSA) imposes economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya --<br/>1997-2005 Mohammad Khatami administration --<br/>1997 Mohammad Khatami elected president, promising a more democratic and tolerant society, promotion of civil society, the rule of as and improvement of social rights --<br/>1997 Reopening of embassies in all European countries --<br/>1998 Several European Union countries begin renewing economic ties with Iran and trade and investment increases --<br/>1998 Britain re-establishes diplomatic relations with Iran United States President George W. Bush labels Iran, along with Iraq and North Korea, the "Axis of Evil" --<br/>1999 Pro-democracy student demonstrations erupt at Tehran University, followed by a wave of counter demonstrations by conservative factions --<br/>2000 Reformers win a substantial victory in the parliamentary elections, capturing about two-thirds of the seats --<br/>2000 Construction of the Ave Furniture Gallery, first manifestation of today's architectural genre --<br/>2000 Attempts by parliament to repeal restrictive press laws are forbidden by Supreme Leader All Khamenei --<br/>2001 President Khatami is overwhelmingly reelected --<br/>2003 Tensions with the United States increase after the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq --<br/>2003 US officials increasingly denounce Iran for allegedly pursuing the development of nuclear weapons <br/>2003 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad appointed as Mayor of Tehran <br/>2003-2005 The reform era ends with the conservatives' defeat of Iranian reform-ists in the elections by banning of many reform candidates, which discourages pro-reform voters from voting --<br/>2004 Conservatives win control of parliament, securing some two thirds of the seats --<br/>2004 Iran begins resuming the processing of nuclear fuel to achieve self-sufficiency in civilian nuclear power production --<br/>2005 Mohammad Khatami steps down --<br/>2005- 2013 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad administration --<br/>2005 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected to the presidency as a conservative populist pledging to fight corruption, defend the interests ofthe Poor, and strengthen Iran's national security --<br/>2005 IAEA passes a resolution that accuses Iran of failing to comply with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty --<br/>2005 Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei issues a fatwa against nuclear weapons --<br/>2006 Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has successfully refined uranium to a stage suitable for the nuclear fuel cycle --<br/>2006 UN Security Council passed Resolution 1696 and imposes sanctions after Iran refused to suspend its uranium enrichment program --<br/>2008 Completion of the Borj-e Milad as a new landmark of Tehran --<br/>2008 Global financial crisis, which would "put an end to liberal economy" --<br/>2009 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is reelected to the presidency --<br/>2009 Ahmadinejad's victory is hotly disputed and marred by large protests --<br/>2011 Despite high turnout and large enthusiastic crowds for reformist opponent Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei declares Ahmadinejad's victory a "divine assessment" --<br/>2013 Rafsanjani endorses "more suitable" Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Iran's presidency -- <br/>2013 Ahmadinejad leaves his office on 3 August --<br/>2013-present Hassan Rouhani administration 2013 Hassan Rouhani elected as President, known as a moderate left-leaner; supported by reformists in the election --<br/> |